8. The antennae and antennules are used as feelers and also used to map the shrimp’s environment.…
Figure 2. Class Average for Firing Rate of Tonic Receptor in Response to Stretch. The firing rate of the slow-adapting receptor neuron in response to stimulus, which in this experiment is the stretching of the Crayfish tail at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm.…
Sensory receptors are neurons that react to a specific stimulus such as light or sound by sending impulses to other neurons, and eventually to the central nervous system.…
What are the sensory components of this structure? What are the motor components of this structure?…
Three types of sensory receptors are 1. Exteroceptors 2.Interoceptors 3.Proprioceptors. Exteroceptors receive sensory information from outside of the body. Examples: Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. Interoceptors receive sensory information from inside the body. Detect internal body sensation. Examples: stomach pain, pinched spinal nerves, and deep skin inflammation. Proprioceptors are unconscious information received. Detect body position in space and movement and are located in the muscles, tendons, and joints inside the body and semicircular canals of the inner…
In this experiment, contractions of the earthworm gut are measured in an organ bath with a force transducer. The effect of neurotransmitters and ionic concentrations on contraction strength and rate will be investigated.…
Adrenergic medications affect the four receptors, a1, a2, B1 and B2. The sympathetic nervous system triggers the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine is a hormone and norepinephrine functions as a hormone and neurotransmitter.…
The brain sits just below the optic canal and wraps around the esophagus of the octopus. The brain is composed of 50 to 75 lobes and about half a billion neurons. Roughly two thirds of the neurons lie in the arms of the octopus, which uniquely have their own nervous systems (Miller, 2009). It is hypothesized that the brain of the octopus gives a task to the arm and the arm essentially decides how to carry out that task. An experiment was done that involved separating and cutting the nerves of the arm from other nerves in the body and then tickling the arm. The response showed the injured arm reacted just as a healthy octopus’s arm would (Horton, 2008). All of this unique circuitry gives the octopus immaculate control over their bodies.…
This experiment was conducted with two key biological principles in mind, taxis and kinesis. Taxis can be defined as a specific, directed motion in response to a stimulus, whereas kinesis is a random, undirected motion in response to a stimulus. The stimulus or independent variable in this experiment was light; we had two adjoining containers with one representing a lighted environment and the other one representing a dark environment. The dependent variable in this experiment was the behavior of the mealworms in response to the variable of light. The hypothesis was that the mealworms would have a tendency to move towards the dark environment away from the light source…
This lab’s purpose is to help differentiate kinesis and taxis movements. These movements are seen throughout all animals and they help us learn how animals react to a stimulus. In order to see how animals react to certain environments, we set up four tests and used pillbugs as our specimen. Through these four experiments, we were able to conclude that the pillbugs liked dark, damp, sheltered and hot spaces as oppose to light, dry, open and cold areas. This was concluded because, as shown in Tables/Figures 1, 2, 3, 4; the bugs seemed to congregate in the dark, damp, sheltered and hot chambers mostly. However, for a few minutes in each of the experiment, the bugs did not respond in the way we had hypothesized. This…
about. The majority of the receptors are ionotropic and have been named after the artificial…
receptors in the eyes that are sensitive to light receptors in the ears that are sensitive to sound receptors in the ears that are sensitive to changes in position and enable us to keep our balance receptors on the tongue and in the nose that are sensitive to chemicals and enable us to taste and to smell receptors in the skin that are sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and to temperature changes.…
a. Sepcific types of stimuli activate specialized receptors (light, soind waves, chemical molecule, pressure) and translate information into nerve impulses…
The results immediately showed the worms paralyzed and elongated during a 3 second shock which was followed by convulsions. Upon cessation of the electric current the worms rapidly recovered their normal swimming pattern. This swimming movement, simply, is caused by excitatory cholinergic transmission on one side of the body while the other side uses GABAergic transmission to relax the muscles on the opposite. The authors proceeded to ask whether alterations in GABA neurotransmission would alter the recovery time in these C. elegans. A mutant worm, unc-25, unable to synthesize GABA, was subjected to the new electroshock protocol. The observations indicate that unc-25 worms had a slower recovery time than the wildtype, 89.5 +/- 105 seconds and 33.45 +/- 4.5 seconds respectively. The authors believe this reduction in recovery time implies that a loss of GABAergic transmissions causes and increased sensitivity to electric shock. To confirm this, the group used several antiepileptic drugs to observe their effects on the recovery time. Though the recovery time in wild-type worms was not affected, in the unc-25 worms the results show a quicker recovery. To further validate the protocol, wild-type C. elegans were treated with PTZ and then challenged with one of the antiepileptic drugs, RTG, used earlier. The results show that 72mM PTZ…
Thigmotaxis is a change in direction in response to a tactile stimulus, where the direction of movement is determined by the direction the stimulus is received, which causes the organism to come in close contact with a solid surface (Allaby). The word “taxis” is referring to the reaction to an external stimuli by moving in a certain direction. When initially exploring a new enclosed space, the organism has a tendency to stay near the perimeter. Thigmotaxis is mainly prominent in the initial encounter of the space, and seems to help an organism define the boundary of the new space. The continued use of this unfortunately prevents the organism from locating an escape.…