Biology Study Notes
Biology
Plant and Animal Cells
Prokaryotes: No nucleus or other membrane
Eukaryotes: has a nucleus and other organelles
Plant cells have cell wall and chloroplast while animals cells don’t
Organelles
Cytoplasm: suspends organelles in cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials throughout the cell
Nucleus: stores genetic data and performing mitosis
Mitochondria: converts glucose with oxygen to make energy for cell
Cell membrane: support cell and allow diffusion
Chloroplast: absorbs light and converts it to energy
Golgi Bodies: collects and removes materials from cell
Vacuoles: isolating and removing waste in cell and maintaining pressure
Mitosis: IPMAT
Chromatid: 2 identical strands of DNA that make up the chromosome
Centromere: structure that holds the chromatid together as chromosomes
Importance of cell division, as the cell gets bigger, the ratio of surface area and volume decreases, meaning the cell will not be able to have enough space to absorb all the nutrients to go into and support the cell’s organelles and functions
Cancer: caused by mutation in cells
Carcinogens: factors that increase the risk of cancer
Benign: tumor that is not harmful
Malignant: tumor that is harmful
Ways of detecting: pap, psa, breast self exam
Treatment: Chemo, Radio, surgery
Stem Cells: Cells that are able to divide into any type of cell by turning on some of the DNA to allow some functions
Umbilical cord excellent source for stem cells that can only make blood (specialized stem cells) cells>tissues>organs>organ systems
Organ: obtain O2, get nutrients, make waste, adapt, repair, grow, change
Tissues
Epithelial: skin, lining of digestive system
-thinly packed cells
Connective: bone, tendons, blood
-various cells and fibres held together by a single organ
Muscle: muscles, heart, digestive muscles
-expand and contract on demand to create movement
Nervous: brain, nervous system
-long thing cells that convey electric currents to control body
Plant and Animal Cells
Prokaryotes: No nucleus or other membrane
Eukaryotes: has a nucleus and other organelles
Plant cells have cell wall and chloroplast while animals cells don’t
Organelles
Cytoplasm: suspends organelles in cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials throughout the cell
Nucleus: stores genetic data and performing mitosis
Mitochondria: converts glucose with oxygen to make energy for cell
Cell membrane: support cell and allow diffusion
Chloroplast: absorbs light and converts it to energy
Golgi Bodies: collects and removes materials from cell
Vacuoles: isolating and removing waste in cell and maintaining pressure
Mitosis: IPMAT
Chromatid: 2 identical strands of DNA that make up the chromosome
Centromere: structure that holds the chromatid together as chromosomes
Importance of cell division, as the cell gets bigger, the ratio of surface area and volume decreases, meaning the cell will not be able to have enough space to absorb all the nutrients to go into and support the cell’s organelles and functions
Cancer: caused by mutation in cells
Carcinogens: factors that increase the risk of cancer
Benign: tumor that is not harmful
Malignant: tumor that is harmful
Ways of detecting: pap, psa, breast self exam
Treatment: Chemo, Radio, surgery
Stem Cells: Cells that are able to divide into any type of cell by turning on some of the DNA to allow some functions
Umbilical cord excellent source for stem cells that can only make blood (specialized stem cells) cells>tissues>organs>organ systems
Organ: obtain O2, get nutrients, make waste, adapt, repair, grow, change
Tissues
Epithelial: skin, lining of digestive system
-thinly packed cells
Connective: bone, tendons, blood
-various cells and fibres held together by a single organ
Muscle: muscles, heart, digestive muscles
-expand and contract on demand to create movement
Nervous: brain, nervous system
-long thing cells that convey electric currents to control body