Biosensors Nano

Introduction:
Over the past three decades we have witnessed a tremendous amount of activity in the area of biosensors. Biosensors are small devices employing biochemical molecular recognition properties as the basis for a selective analysis. The major processes involved in any biosensor system are analyte recognition, signal transduction, and readout. Due to their specificity, speed, portability, and low cost, biosensors offer exciting opportunities for numerous decentralized clinical applications. Electrochemical devices have traditionally received the major share of the attention in biosensor development. Such devices produce a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate and sensitive platform. The name electrochemical biosensor is applied to a molecular sensing device which intimately couples a biological recognition element to an electrode transducer. The purpose of the transducer is to convert the biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal. Amperometric and potentiometric transducers are most commonly used in conjunction with electrochemical biosensors. In potentiometric devices, the analytical information is obtained by converting the biorecognition process into a potential signal in connection to the use of ion selective electrodes (ISE). Amperometric biosensors operate by applying a constant potential and monitoring the current associated with the reduction or oxidation of an electroactive species involved in the recognition process. An amperometric biosensor may be more attractive because of its high sensitivity and wide linear range. Elegant research on new sensing concepts, coupled with numerous technological innovations, has opened the door to widespread clinical applications of amperometric devices. The high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and inherent miniaturization of modern electrical bioassays permit them to rival the most advanced optical protocols. Such miniaturization allows packing of numerous microscopic electrode

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