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The first factor is the continental differences in wild plants and animals because animals have diseases as well therefore these diseases also spread to humans. Every continent has different species of animals and plants; for example, Eurasia had the five major domesticated animals. The five major animals were found in the Fertile Crescent in Eurasia; from there these animals were transported elsewhere in Eurasia and Northern Africa. These animals were not found anywhere else in the world; the only domesticated animal found in the Americas was the llama but they were still not used for agricultural purposes. Even domesticated animals have diseases which can spread to other animals and human beings. The Americas and Sub-Saharan were not immune to many diseases compared to Eurasia; therefore, when the Europeans went over to the Americas the…
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“European grazing animals which constituted a heavier burden on New England soil.”(pg 385) More of the forest had been completely wiped out so that the Europeans can begin to create communities and villages on the land and for more grain production. Diseases traveled a lot faster and were much deadly to the Indians. “Livestock whether raised for market or for home consumption were themselves a major reason for the dispersal of colonial settlements. Ecological pressures brought on by overgrazing and inadequate forage reinforce economic incentives flowing more directly from market demand.”(pg 391) New England was becoming more Capital and finding more ways to bring in…
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The European mariners discover the Americas in the late15th century. This led to their domination of trade and growth of transoceanic empires along the Atlantic coast. The Europeans were stunned by the distinctive “flora, fauna, and human cultures” they found in the new world. These differences were changed by the newcomers because of the invasion of colonists, plants, and livestock which changed the biological and cultural differences held by the boundary set with the Atlantic Ocean.…
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"Changes in the Land" by William Cronon offers countless intimate observations and gatherings regarding the ecology of New England and the encounters between the colonists and the native americans. Cronon interprets and analyzes the different happenings in New England's plant and animal environments that occurred with the shift from Indian to European dominance. As the distant world and inhabitants of Europe were introduced to North America's ecosystem, the boundaries between the two were blurred. Cronon uses an arsenal of evidence to discuss the circumstances that brought upon drastic ecological consequences following European contact with New England. Cronon made use of reports and records in addition to scientific data as evidence for his arguments. Court records, town hall records, descriptions by travelers, surveyor records, etc. proved invaluable to Cronon's arguments. Europeans saw the land from an economic standpoint and tended to focus upon "merchantable commodities", ignoring economically insignificant aspects of nature. Cronon stated that the environment the Europeans first encountered in New England stunned them. Early descriptions were restricted to the coastline, but the accounts all agreed on the astounding level of animal and plant life in New England. The european settlers were not used to so much untamed land, as landscape for hunting in England was reserved to large landowners and the Crown. Heavy forests covered the New England terrain, which was also new to the settlers, as England had exhausted most of its timber as fuel. European settlers were struck by the absence of domesticated animals, which played a vital role in European agriculture. The European settlers and the Indians had different values on life and had differing opinions on how they should use the land around them. According to Cronon, "Many…
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-New diseases and conquests led by Europeans had eliminated many native tribes, and killed many natives. Several hundred thousand Africans were brought from Africa as slaves by Europeans, and forced to work in Caribbean and South American plantations (primarily sugar plantations).…
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The British began by building houses in an unobtrusive way which led the indigenous people to believe they could co-habitate, but as the English spread, the natives were forced to move or fight for their land. Eventually interactions with the British led to domination of Native Americans not only by taking their land, but through spreading devastating diseases for which Native tribes had no immunity.…
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Atlantic exploration caused the interaction of the indigenous people of the Americas, the Europeans, and he Iberians. These interactions caused massive epidemics on both sides of the Atlantic world and emplaced slavery in the new world. Between 1580-1780 the Iberians/Europeans and the indigenous people of the Americas came into contact with one another through the want of new resources and good. This interaction resulted in mass epidemics and slavery in the Americas. Ever since Columbus landed in the West indies, Europeans were looking for gold, resources, spices, as well workers.…
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The Americas and Europe were similar because both of their population densities changed due to diseases and goods. When Europeans first came to the Americas in search of a fresh start they inadvertently brought with them many diseases that killed off most of the Native Americans such as measles, smallpox, whooping cough, chicken pox, and influenza. The introduction of cattle from Europe brought most of these diseases. The reason for this is because Native Americans had never been around cattle before so they couldn’t have developed immunity to them. As a whole diseases from Europe wiped out close to 90% of the population of the New world. While for the Europeans population was increasing because of all the goods that were being imported from the Americas like peppers, tomatoes, and tobacco. The Native Americans also gave to the Europeans, venereal disease also known as syphilis. It was first identified by physicians in 1493, in Cadiz, Spain, the port which Columbus returned to after his first voyage. The reason for the incline and decline of population in both the Americas and Europe was due to the introduction of new diseases. Since the pipeline between Europe and the Americas made by Columbus’s voyages to the new world had been opened it was easier to spread unfamiliar diseases…
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There were several changes during 1492-1750 in the Atlantic world. For Europe all of its changes were positive. The Europeans gained new trade goods and colonies. For Africa and America they had very negative changes. In America the Native Americans were hurt very badly. When the conquistadors came to the new world they took over their land. They then got rid of the native’s civilizations and created their own civilizations. Also the encomienda system forced them to work as slaves. The hard work of slavery killed many of the Native Americans as well as the European diseases that killed thousands. The Africans also suffered negative changes. The Native Americans were dying off and the Europeans need a new force of labor. So they went to Africa and took thousands of African men and forced them into slavery. This hurt many African families and killed many African men.…
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More people came to the “New World” to settle, and natives were brought to Europe, and more exotic tastes were introduced to both hemispheres; cattle, sugar, and pigs to the West, tomatoes, potatoes, corn, and cocoa to the East. New animals, especially the horse, changed everyday life for Native Americans, and written language spread the continent, replacing either a complicated system of hieroglyphics or nothing at all. Soon, people from all over the globe began arriving in great numbers, and the continent became a successful beacon of hope for…
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he result if European exploration in the early modern time period between 1450 and 1750 negatively impacted the foreign nations that it came in contact with by exhibiting various failed labor systems, countries restricting foreign interaction as well as trade and the rise of the Portuguese in the Atlantic Slave Trade.…
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The Columbian Exchange had dramatic demographic effects in both the Americas and Europe. One major factoring concerning both of the two regions was the spread of new diseases causing a decline in the growth of both the America’s and Europe’s population. However, the impact tended to be much more negative for the Americans. Through the Columbian exchange the Europeans brought multiple new diseases to the Native American population, including small pox. The coming of these diseases had such a great influence and caused the population to decrease so much it became known as the great dying. On the other hand, new diseases were being brought to Europe as well from European sailors after “intermixing” with natives. The main disease being brought was syphilis. Although not necessarily as harmful as the diseases that killed off the current populations of the America’s syphilis caused a major problem in the population growth of further centuries due to the infertility problems that came along with syphilis.…
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As Europeans settled the New World, they encountered difficulties that they had not perceived before. The first of which was the Native Americans who were not thrilled on the idea of giving up their ancestral land for European settlement. So, it was not a surprise when conflict arise between the Natives and the Europeans. Because the Europeans brought over diseases that were fatal to the Natives and had more developed weaponry, they were successful in pushing the Natives into the interior of North America. Most immigrants from Great Britain settled near the east coast and as the settlement began to grow, industries and plantations became the main source of wealth in the new colonies.…
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I. The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic.…
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The discovery of North America brought many benefits for the Europeans but very little benefits for the native people of North America. The Columbian Exchange which involved the exchanging of diseases, animals and plants ended up being very helpful for the Europeans that came over to the new world but was not as helpful for the native people. The native people’s population suffered majorly from the introduction of new diseases from the Old World that the Europeans brought over with them.…
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