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The process of photosynthesis occurs when six carbon dioxide molecules (CO2), six water molecules (H2O), and light energy are added together and result in glucose (C6H12O6) and six oxygen (O2) molecules. There are two stages to this process; light reactions and dark reactions. Light reactions start with chloroplast which absorbs the light. Inside the chloroplast are thylakoids that contain pigments which absorb certain wavelengths of light. Each cluster of pigments is called a photosystem. Photosystem I and II obtain some of the light’s energy. Light first enters chlorophyll A in photosystem II and the electrons inside become excited enough to leave it. Some of the electrons, which just left, enter a chain of reactions called the electron transport chain and it produces ATP. The electrons that couldn’t fit into the ETC move onto photosystem I. Those electrons then get excited by light energy and enter the ETC where they add a hydrogen atom to NADP to form NADPH.…
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1. When organic molecules are joined together and a water molecule is removed, the reaction is called which of the following? A. Dehydration synthesis. B. Hydrogenation. C. Hydrolysis. D. Oxidation. What is a nucleotide composed of? A. Nitrogenous base, 6 carbon sugar and a phosphate group. B. Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar and a phosphorus group. C. Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group. D. None of the above. Enzymes work as catalysts by doing which of the following? A. Decreasing the activation energy. B. Increasing the activation energy. C. Allostericallly controlling other proteins. D. Bypassing the need for a transition state to occur. Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? A. Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. B. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme used to control the rate of aerobic respiration. C. 4 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during the Krebs cycle. D. Substrate-level phosphorylation produces 2 ATP in glycolysis. Ethanol fermentation is the result of anaerobic respiration of what type of organism? A. Yeast. B. Bacteria. C. Plants. D. Animals. How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to fix enough carbon dioxide to produce one glucose molecule? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6 Acetyl-CoA is the final product of which stage of cellular respiration? A. Pyruvate oxidation. B. ETC. C. Krebs cycle. D. Glycolysis. Which statement is true regarding C4 photosynthesis? A. It involves the stomata opening at night and closing in the day. B. It occurs in cool, moist environments. C. It uses PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 in the mesophyll cells. D. It occurs in cacti and pineapples. Which statement regarding cellular respiration is false? A. In the last stage of glycolysis, 2 molecules of PEP are converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate. B. In the first stage of glycolysis, ATP phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P). C. 1 ATP is…
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Photosynthesis is a process to which some autotrophs such as plants produce their own food. It has two stages or reactions light-dependent and light-dependent reactions. The light dependent reactions are the first stage, where energy from sunlight is captures in Photosystem 2 and then 1, the electrons generated in Photosystem 1 then moves along the electron transport chain. The moving of electrons causes a hydrogen ion gradient that is used in the final step to produce ATP, by the ATP Synthase. The equation for this reaction is 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6+6O2 or, carbon dioxide +water sugars + oxygen . This reaction takes place on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and uses energy from sunlight to produce compounds like ATP and NADPH. The second stage of photosynthesis is the Calvin Cycle, which takes place in the stoma of the chloroplast. This stage is light-independent or it does not need energy from sunlight. During this reaction ATP and NADPH from Stage 1are used to produce high energy sugars. The reaction is 3CO2 + 6NADPH + 5H2O + 9ATP G3P + 2H+ + 6NADP+ + 9ADP + 8Pi . Additionally, the three limiting factors of photosynthesis are the light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and the temperature. Lastly, the items used in this particular experiment were baking soda to provide CO2, a light to excite the electrons in stage 1, distilled…
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Photosynthesis is the process of converting solar energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) into carbohydrates (CH2O) and oxygen (O2). Sometimes the end product of photosynthesis is glucose (C6H12O6). Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Here membranous thylakoids are stacked in grana surrounded by the stroma. During the light reactions, pigments within the thylakoid membranes absorb solar energy, water is split, and oxygen is released. (Mader, 2010)…
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Cellular respiration includes the processes of glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is used to convert glucose to produce two pyruvate as well as 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH but uses 2 ATP to have a net product of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The krebs cycle converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, which produces 2 ATP,8 NADH, and 2 FADH’s per glucose molecule. Electron transport Chain is the last and most important step of cellular respiration, it makes ATP with the movement of electrons from high energy to low energy that makes a proton gradient which makes ATP, this cannot occur unless oxygen is present. Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which converts sugars into acids, alcohol, or alcohol. This process occurs in yeast and bacteria as well as muscle cells that have no oxygen left. In yeast fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide from glucose and fructose. Fermentation in bacteria cells the process of fermentation produces ethanol, while in human muscle cells fermentation produces lactic acid in cells that have a short…
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3-perylenepentanol, M4 39, 51 To a solution of 3-perylenepent-4-ynol, M3 (0.32 g, 0.957 mmol) in THF (20 mL), Pd/C (600 mg, 3 wt% on activated carbon) was added. Nitrogen gas was turned off, hydrogen gas balloons were used to supply H2 gas to the flask.…
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Glucose, or any carbon-based molecule, can be burned in oxygen (oxidized) to produce carbon dioxide and water. Combustion reactions release large amounts of energy. However, the energy release is uncontrolled. An organism would not be able to handle all that energy at once to do the work of the cell. Cellular respiration is essentially the same reaction as combustion, but the oxidation of glucose occurs in several controlled steps. The same amount of energy is ultimately released, but it is gradually released in small, controlled amounts. High potential energy molecules of ATP are produced while the carbon atoms are used to form various other molecules of lower potential energy. Each of these steps is catalyzed by an enzyme specific to that step. Model 1 illustrates the ideal circumstances for cellular respiration. In some situations, however, one glucose molecule may not result in 38 ATP molecules being…
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(Be sure to address the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Then for cellular respiration, you are discussing glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain.)…
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“Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules.” (Russell, Wolfe, Hertz, & Starr, 2010). Photosynthesis can be categorized into two main processes: light-dependant reactions and light-independent reactions. For the purpose of this lab, light-dependant reactions will be investigated. The reactants involved in photosynthesis include carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. The light reactions involve the capture and use of light energy by pigment molecules to synthesize NADPH and ATP. Plants use this light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. The glucose is stored mainly in the form of starch granules, in the chloroplasts of cells. Glucose in the form of starch is non-polar and is not soluble in water, allowing it to be stored much more compactly. The chloroplast is formed from an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an intermembrane compartment. The aqueous environment within the inner membrane is called the stroma. Within the stroma is the thylakoids, which are flattened, closed sacs. It is in these sacs that the specific molecules required to carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis are…
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants create food for themselves which occurs in the cytoplast organ of the cell. They absorb carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy to produce glucose and oxygen (Doc C). Cellular respiration on the other hand, is the process occurring in the mitochondria by which organisms create energy to power cellular processes. This process takes in glucose and oxygen to create carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP (Doc C). These processes follow the law of conservation of matter and energy as the amount of products is always equal to the amount of reactants in a chemical equation. So the amount of glucose and oxygen created during photosynthesis is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide and water used and the amount of carbon dioxide and water produced during cellular respiration is equal to the amount of glucose and oxygen used. Many people notice that the products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis and the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. This is because the two processes work together to provide organisms with food and…
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The metabolic processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis recycle oxygen, as it is a reactant in respiration and a product in photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the last receptor in the Electron Transport Chain, when the hydrogen ions from the NADH bind to the oxygen forming water (Freeman, 2002). The water enters the light reaction which then gets oxidized into oxygen. The light reactions undergo a process called photolysis, the splitting apart of water by light, which produces oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons.…
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Plants are able to produce ATP during the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis in the thylakoid of the chloroplast. Red and blue wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts on Photosystem II. The chloroplasts are protected and contained by a membrane, but they are close to the surface of the cell to catch the maximum amount of light. Their broad length also allows larger wavelengths of light to be absorbed. The energy absorbed is transferred to electrons and excites them to a higher energy level. This leads to the photolysis of water which results in the formation of hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen gas. The electrons formed during photolysis then replace those excited by the light. The excited electrons are then passed along the electron transport chain in a series of redox reactions from one carrier to the next. The energy released by this passage is used to activate ATPase to combine ADP and Pi to form ATP. This process of converting ADP to ATP using light…
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Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the electron receiver is an inorganic molecule. It is the release of energy from organic compounds by chemical oxidation in the mitochondria within each cell. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all be metabolized, but cellular respiration usually involves glucose: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 Kcal of energy/mole of glucose oxidized. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol and partially oxidizes glucose into two pyruvate (3-C). The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and breaks down a pyruvate (Acetyl-CoA) into carbon dioxide. These two cycles both produce a small amount of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and NADH by transferring electrons from substrate to NAD+. The Krebs cycle also produces FADH2 by transferring electrons to FAD. The electron transport chain is located at the inner membrane of the mitochondria and accepts energized electrons from enzymes that are collected during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and…
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In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are taken into the cells, then they are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP energy and some other energy. Some of the ATP energy is used in photosynthesis; a large amount of energy is used up as heat, only a little energy is stored in the cells. The formula of cellular respiration is:…
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