On the Other Side: Letters to My Children from Germany 1940-46 was written by Mathilde Wolff-Monckeberg during the Hamburg air raids of WWII. Wolff-Monckeberg says in her first letter “This war would be conducted with the most horrible weapons and resources, its whole justification based on a daily incitement of lies, not an honest war, but an illegal and mean exploitation, as far as we were concerned.”1 The first letter boldly states that Wolff-Monckeberg views Germany’s participation in the war as a shameful endeavour driven by the “Fuhrer’s blind lust for conquest”2 Wolff-Monckeberg makes this ever apparent with letters about, Nazi invasions into other countries, the struggle that became surviving in war time Hamburg, and the shame brought on Germans by the atrocities committed by the Nazis.…
In the period 1900-1914, Germany’s political landscape witnessed extraordinary changes in which typical features associated with a parliamentary democracy- such as significant and influential pressure group activity and universal suffrage- were present. It can however be argued that this period also represented a time in which the German Reichstag did not truly represent the population due to old and corrupt voting system for Prussia which saw votes unfairly given and the role of all the chancellors- in particular Von Bulow- during this time, which saw unelected officials yielding greater influence than that of the Reichstag. Germany was a parliamentary democracy due to the many contrasting features of the political system. Germany may have had many features where a “parliamentary democracy” can be boasted, but there are also just as many contrasting points which expose the system as being corrupt and broken.…
In August of 1914, the German Reichstag made two major decisions. First, it began mobilization for World War I. Also it declared (Burgfrieden, or “civil peace” in which all previous issues and parties would be st aside for the duration of the war. As the years progressed, the peoples opinions changed in regards to this policy. In 1914, at the announcement, there was awe and happiness. By the middle of the war, in the years 1915 and 1916, people began to ignore the policy, as they were tired of the war. By 1918, opinion was divided, mostly between supporters and dissenters of the war. These views show how the progress of World War I affected the German population.…
Numerous factors have lead to the progressive creation of a unified Germany by 1871; such factors are fundamentally related to economic, political or military origins. To accurately understand the reasoning behind the unification, one must look at the history preceding it – The after-effects of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; The significance of the French revolutions and Napoleonic Wars on Germanic national identity; the degradation of Austria’s national power; the introduction of the Zollverein in 1834 and the Prussian economic superiority that followed in addition to the industrialisation of the German states all contribute towards economic and political factors relating to the formation of a unified Germany under Prussia’s direction. Military factors contributing towards the unification of Germany include the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte; Otto Von Bismarck’s foreign policy based strongly around ‘realpolitik’; the significance of the ‘New Model Army’ on Prussia’s military prominence in addition to the conclusive Franco-Prussian war.…
In the nineteenth century, Germany was struggling to unify after the failure of the Frankfort Assembly of 1848, which was meant to unify Germany. In 1862, William I, formerly known as Frederick William IV, was appointed king of the military state known as Prussia. As a result of disputes from the rising middle class, William I choose to hire Otto von Bismarck as chancellor in order to quiet the unrest. Otto von Bismarck was a realpolitik, someone whose decisions were based on practicality, not morals. The policies of Otto von Bismarck’s government represented the new kind of conservatism because they represented realpolitik through doing what’s best for the country by incorporating the growing idea of socialism into reforms, all while valuing…
In the years 1900-1914 there was arguably a significant move towards democracy within Germany. There were general desire for political and social reform and many wished for constitutional change. However, come 1914 Germany still remained nearly as autocratic as it had been back in 1900. Over this period it can clearly be shown through 3 key areas: the Constitution, German policy and events, that, regardless of attempted moves towards democracy, Germany truly was an entrenched autocracy in this period.…
Berghahn, V.R. 1973. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914. New York: St. Martin 's Press.…
With the ending of the First World War, Germany entered a grand new era in its history, one that showed promise and change for the good, however, immediately from its outset, the Weimar Republic encountered serious difficulties both externally and within. In this essay, I will asses how surprising it is that the Weimar Republic did not fall into ruin between the years 1919-1924 by considering the effects of the war and the weakness of the Weimar Constitution upon the Republic as well as the economic problems faced and the threats from both sides of the political spectrum.…
Germany, until the late 19th century, was little more than a loose union of fragmented states. Dominating these states was Austria, the Habsburg’s largest stronghold. Unfortunately for Austria, its involvement in the Crimean War forced it out of the major spotlight in European power politics, making it a minor presence in the continent. This left a power vacuum in Germany which was quickly filled by Prussia, a military state with a history of strong rulers.…
In Wilhelmine II’s Germany, society was extremely hierarchal. By 1890 Germany had already completed the ‘take-off’ into sustained economic growth and industries such as coal, iron and textiles increased output by over 25%, leading the way in Germany’s mass industrialisation. This caused Germany’s net national product to rise from 23,676,000,000 (marks) in 1890 to 51,563,000,000 in 1912 and a population growth of 15 million over 20 years. Though this economic growth led to changes in terms of the structure of the Labour force and created new classes such as the industrial bourgeoisie, Germany still remained divided over inherent class divisions. Class divisions were furthered by the economic growth, creating a new class of the Industrial Bourgeoisie and neglecting traditional workers; with divisions in religion, regional and national identity continuing to be very powerful influences that cut across all classes of society.…
Enabling Act 1933 amendment to the constitution passed by 2/3 majority (SPD refused to support it.) It suspended the Reichstag and allowed the government to rule by decree for the next four years. It was the final deathblow to the Weimar Democracy.…
Purbeck School Humanities. Retrieved October 15, 2013, from http://purbeckhumanities.co.uk/2010/11/17/german.unification-timeline/ Website “German Unification” (2013). Wikipedia. Retrieved October 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany Work Cited (Work Sheet Work Cited)…
German nationalist+supporter of authoritarianism+ opposed to democracy and socialism + racially motivated (anti-Semitism v German Volk)…
The Treaty of Versailles was a monumental stage in German history, helping to shape German history for arguably the best part of thirty years. It can be argued that the Treaty was the most significant event since the unification of Germany in 1890. The short term consequences were also highly prominent as over 300,000 Germans fled to America in the years 1917-23. Moreover many Germans were aggrieved by the Treaty, this lead to public exploits (Kapp Putsch and Munich Putsch) that lead to casualties accumulating into the 1000’s. With so much death and despair in Germany in the 1920’s the Treaty of Versailles effectively crippled Germany both economically and mentally. Furthermore the effects did not only stretch to the late 20’s, Hitler used the Treaty as a major campaigning point to secure chancellorship in 1933. Hitler still held severe indignations over the Treaty of Versailles and still held a personal vendetta with the parent countries that imposed such harsh terms on Germany in 1917. Although the Treaty of Versailles was a pivotal stage in shaping German history there are other corresponding factors such as the erection of the Berlin wall in 1961, consequently perpetually separating East and West Berlin for 28 years. After the wall came down in 1989, Germany became reunified in 1990, arguably the most significant turning point in German history as it enabled Germany to prosper as a whole nation, since then Germany has gone on to establish itself as a world superpower, both militarily and economically. It is difficult to come to a definitive answer on what the biggest turning point is, however I plan to analyse pivotal points in German history, dating from 1917-1990.…
To understand what Germany is today, one must understand the generational effect that the Third Reich not only had but continues to have. As Kempe says, “A historian would be hard-pressed to find a country where a mere dozen years of history, between 1933 and 1945, has cast such a long shadow.” Even though the Third Reich lost its power more than half a century ago, its effects on German culture and politics still stand firm. The effects can be seen in Germany’s idea of national pride and identity, race relations between Germans and German Jews, and Germany’s relationship with the international community of Europe that it fought a horrific, long, and bloody war against.…