Brac Ngo

brac ngo

Chapter 23 - The role of nongovernmental organizations in extension
John Farrington
John Farrington is an agricultural economist and Director of the Rural Resources and Poverty Research Programme at the Overseas Development Institute in London.

NGO characteristics
Examples of potentially replicable NGO-GO interaction
What extension services can do to further collaborate with NGOs
Conclusions
Notes
References

In recent years, many observers have suggested that agricultural and rural development strategies would benefit from increased collaboration between government research and extension organizations and nongovernmental development organizations, hereafter called GOs and NGOs, respectively (Can-oil, 1992; de Janvry et al., 1989; Jordan, 1989; Korten, 1987). Donors in particular have begun to call for more NGO involvement in programmes that have traditionally been implemented through the public sector, and there has been a recent upsurge of donor interest in direct-funding south-based NGOs (World Bank, 1991a, 1991b; Farnworth, 1991; Bebbington & Riddell, 1994).
These advocates of closer NGO-GO collaboration have tended to underemphasize:
 The wide range of interaction that currently exists, not all of it collaborative; much involves pressure by one side or the other.
 The limitations facing efforts to work together.
 The preconditions for successful collaboration; in particular, the prior informal contacts necessary to build up mutual trust.
 Limitations as well as successes of NGO action.
 The extent to which certain functions relating to, for example, "public goods" will remain more cost-effectively performed by the public sector than by NGOs. Analysis of how GOs might work with NGOs must be accompanied by continuing attention to ways of improving public sector management, an area in which structural adjustment reforms have not had the success expected.
This chapter draws on a recent major study of the role of NGOs in

References: Aguirre, P., & Namdar-Irani, M. (1992). Complementarities and tensions in NGO-state relations in agricultural development: The trajectory of AGRARIA (Chile). Ayers, A. J. (1992). Conflicts or complementarities? The state and NGOs in the colonization zones of San Julian and Berlin, eastern Bolivia. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 37. London: Overseas Development Institute. Bebbington, A. J., & Riddell, R. (1994). New agendas and old problems: Issues, options and challenges in direct funding of southern NGOs. Draft, mimeo. London: Overseas Development Institute. Bebbington, A. J., & Thiele, G. (Eds.). (1993). NGOs and the state in Latin America: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. Buckland, J., & Graham, P. (1990). The Mennonite Central Committee 's experience in agricultural research and extension in Bangladesh. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 17. London: Overseas Development Institute. Chaguma, A., & Gumbo, D. (1993). ENDA-Zimbabwe and community research. In K. Wellard & J. G. Copestake (Eds.), NGOs and the state in Africa: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. Chambers, R., Pacey, A., & Thrupp, L. A. (Eds.). (1989). Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Cromwell, E., & Wiggins, S. (1993). Sowing beyond the state: NGOs and seed supply in developing countries. London: Overseas Development Institute. Farnworth, E. G. (1991, June). The Inter-American Development Bank 's interactions with non-governmental environmental organizations. Paper presented at the Third Consultative Meeting on the Environment, Caracas, Venezuela. Farrington, J., & Bebbington, A. J. (1993). Reluctant partners? Non-governmental organisations, the state, and sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. Farrington, J., & Lewis, D. (Eds.). (1993). NGOs and the state in Asia: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. Farrington, J., & Martin, A. (1988). Farmer participation in agricultural research: A review of concepts and practices. Occasional Paper No. 11. London: Overseas Development Institute. Fernandez, A. (1993a). NGOs and government: A love-hate relationship. In J. Farrington & D. Lewis (Eds.), NGOs and the state in Asia: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. Fernandez, A. P. (1993b). The Myrada experience: The interventions of a voluntary agency in the emergence and growth of people 's institutions for sustained and equitable management of micro-watersheds. Bangalore, India: Myrada. Gilbert, E. (1990). Non-governmental organisations and agricultural research: The experience of the Gambia. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 12. London: Overseas Development Institute. Henderson, P. A., & Singh, R. (1990). NGO-government links in seed production: Case studies from the Gambia and Ethiopia. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 14. London: Overseas Development Institute. Jordan, F. (Ed.). (1989). La economía campesina: Crisis, reactivación, políticas. San Jose, Costa Rica: Institute Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura. Kohl, B. (1991). Protected horticultural systems in the Bolivian Andes: A case study of NGOs and inappropriate technology. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 29. London: Overseas Development Institute. Korten, D. (1987). Third generation NGO strategies: A key to people-centred development. World Development, 75 (Supplement), 145-159. Okali, C., Sumberg, J., & Farrington, J. (1994). Farmer participatory Research: Rhetoric and reality. London: IT Publications. Sotomayor, O. (1991). GIA and the new Chilean public sector: The dilemmas of successful NGO influence over the state. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 30. London: Overseas Development Institute. Thiele, G., Davies, P., & Farrington, J. (1988). Strength in diversity: Innovation in agricultural technology development in eastern Bolivia. Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 1. London: Overseas Development Institute. Wellard, K., & Copestake, J. G. (Eds.). (1993). NGOs and the state in Africa: Rethinking roles in sustainable agricultural development. London: Routledge. World Bank (1991a). World Development Report 1991: The challenge of development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. World Bank (1991b). Trends in developing countries 1991. Washington, DC: World Bank.