BRAIN DRAIN REPORT

“BUSINESS COMMUNICATION”
TOPIC: Is Brain Drain: a Curse or a Benefit.
By
Amina Sheikh – 16745
Raza Abbas Khan – 17163
Salima Ghabrani – 16630
Syed Qutaiba Tariq – 17693

A formal report
Submitted To: Mr. Irfan Sheikh
Institute of Business Management (IoBM)
Dated:
2nd December 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank The Almighty Allah for giving us the ability to complete this report. We would also like to acknowledge the support and cooperation of our supervisor, Mr. Irfan Sheikh. We would also like to thank all of our respondents who took out time from their busy schedules to help us out and fill our questionnaire and support. We would further like to express our gratitude to the technical and academic staff of Institute of Business Management (IoBM) who has helped us in every step in making this report.

ABSTRACT

Brain-drain has become a very important concern for country like Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the countries where High-skilled emigration rates are very high. While, economic theories suggest that the emigration trend has its own positive impact on the country. This report presents the result of surveys and interviews conducted to study the reasons behind the migration of Qualified Intellectual Professionals and University Students. The result shows that what makes people migrate from Pakistan to abroad. Although there are many economic benefits of people migrating as they send remittances back home and even make investments here in Pakistan in terms of Properties and businesses but this has considerable knowledge outflow from Our Country to developed countries. In this report we also share experiences of the intellects that went abroad and returned and what problems they faced in the new country they settled and how their expectations paid off as this helped us come up recommendations to reduce Brain Drain to an acceptable level.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.no
Description
Page no.
1
Acknowledgement
_
2
Abstract
_
3
Introduction
5

Over View
5

Problem Statement
6

Hypothesis
6

Study Outline
6
4
Literature Review
7
5
Methodology
17 Data Collection
17

Sampling
17

Limitation
18
6
Results
19
7
Research Analysis
28

Interview Analysis
29
8
Conclusion
32
9
Recommendations
33
10
References
35
11
Appendix

INTRODUCTION

In this report we discuss the major reasons for intellects leaving Pakistan to settle abroad, by first through quantitative analysis as what are the reasons an intellect consider before making his decision and how to overcome this trend at least recommending some solution to reduce the Brain Drain problem in Pakistan.
1.1 OVERVIEW
Brain Drain can be defined as departure of Intellectual manpower from the developing countries to the developed countries. This has become a Global Phenomenon. The migration of Doctors, Engineers, Teachers and other intellects has become a serious concern for the developing countries like Pakistan. Although this phenomenon benefits Pakistan Gross National Product (GNP) in terms of foreign remittances, investment in terms of Properties and Local Businesses, loss of intellectual Labor is surely negative for a country like Pakistan being in a developing stage and having a semi-industrialized economy.
Studies Also Explain that Out of many professional moving abroad for studies don’t comeback after completing their studies and settle abroad permanently. Reason include that the pay scale they get cannot be matched here and even remittances they send back home cannot be managed working here in Pakistan.

The other reason may also include that large number of students graduating in technical fields for example Petroleum engineering, robotics, mechatronics are the fields which does not have industrial approach currently in Pakistan which forces the intellects to migrate and use their qualifications in their respective fields
According to the article published in ‘The Express Tribune’ on December 23rd 2013, 2.7 million citizen exited Pakistan in last 5 years. According to ministry of Overseas Pakistan 5,873,539 Pakistanis have emigrated from 1981 to 2012 in which 41,498 technical and professional workers left in 2012 alone.
There may be several reasons but Pakistan will lose Human resource if brain drain trend continues with the same rate.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Brain Drain, Emigration of Intellectual work force of Pakistan to developed countries.
1.3 HYPOTHESES
“Why intellects believe there is no future of Pakistan and opts to migrate?”
The dependent variable is the phenomenon of Brain Drain while the independent variables include all the causes (push & pull factors) of Brain Drain.
1.4 STUDY OUTLINE The reason of the research is to identify the push factors and pull factors of Brain Drain and effects of Brain Drain. We study here is Brain Drain a Curse or a Benefit for a Country like Pakistan.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The term “brain drain” refers to the international transfer of human resources, and it applies mainly to the migration of highly educated individuals from developing to developed countries. In lay usage, the term is generally used in a narrower sense and relates more specifically to the migration of engineers, physicians, scientists, and other highly skilled professionals with university training, often between developed countries4.
There is neither a commonly agreed definition of the highly skilled nor is there a standardized treatment of them in the statistics of different countries and organizations. Two measures play a role in practically all definitions of the highly skilled. The first one is prior educational qualification. According to this parameter, persons with a tertiary education qualification count as highly skilled. The second parameter is profession based; the highly skilled are identified by means of the type of work they actually carry out in the destination country. Though the definition has its limitations as a health care professional working as a taxi driver in the host country can be classified as highly skilled only by the first parameter, this definition can present us with a general concept of ‘skilled personnel’.
The term Brain Drain is not without controversy. Some scholars such as David Hart (2006) prefer to use the term “High Skill Migration” instead of ‘Brain Drain’. As per Hart’s definition High Skill Migration is the migration of persons with increased levels of skill and education who, if they stayed could contribute significantly to the development of the country.1 The question which arises now is that what is the difference between Brain Drain/HSM and general migration? The only separating factor is human capital, skill and expertise that move with migrant.
The idea behind brain drain is that when these persons migrate, there is a shortage of persons remaining with the ability to adequately develop the source countries. The receiving countries gain skills and resources from the migration while the source countries lose highly skilled human capital. Researchers argue that skilled and highly skilled migrants do jobs in advanced countries at high wages and send remittances to their native countries which to some extent compensate brain drain loss and contribute to economic activity. But their opponents stress that international migration of high skilled labor is a contributing factor to deteriorating international income distribution. The rich countries get richer and poor countries become poorer due to brain drain. This suggests that rich countries develop their economies at the cost of poor countries.
The Brain Drain phenomenon is not a new one. As early as 1973, the U.N General Assembly requested the Secretary General prepare a report on how the world could deal with this problem of the outflow of trained or skilled personnel from developing to developed countries1. This global issue did seem to disappear following the Vietnam War but reemerged two decades later. Previously this international flow of human capital was overlooked because people and governments alike, attributed this migration to voluntary exile, political and religious conflict or involuntary flight from persecution.
Research points that people mostly belonging to the middle class and professionals such as educators, health care workers, scientists, engineers, professors and political reformers, are most likely to migrate to the more developed areas of the world.
The reasons why people go abroad can generally be classified into categories, the Push factors and the Pull factors.
As far as pull factors are concerned, economic and labor-market-related aspects are in a top position. The absence of economic opportunities in the home country works as push factor whereas considerably higher salary levels and a high level of employment in the destination country and the expectation of their existence in the potential destination country, as pull factors. Social security issues and costs of living also translate into push and pull factors.
Personal relationships, i.e. families, friends and relatives, freedom of intellectual thought, presence of a rich scientific and technological culture also represent push and pull factors, too. Language plays a role too, again as an influencing element rather than as an absolute pull. Mastery of the language of the destination country, or the conviction to be able to learn it fast or easily, are usually a condition for labor-market access and thus reduce the risk of failure. It also facilitates access to vital information necessary for the choice of the destination country, and thus a realistic assessment of the benefits and disadvantages of migration 5.
Push factors can include de-motivating working conditions, low salaries, and lack of research facilities, desire for more recognition, qualification and a desire to lead a better life.
Political instability in home countries make people lose confidence in their governments and future prospects of a better life. Individuals may face hardships due to their ethnic, cultural, religious affiliations or because of their membership in any opposing political party.
Apart from these rational causes, research clearly shows that a person’s decision to migrate is also based on his perception of his native land as well as his perception of the host country.
Consequences of Brain Drain
Brain Drain is a growing global phenomenon having dual impact. Brain Drain leads to certain positive as well as negative outcomes.
1 The pursuit of economic advantage is a major driver of migration. Most of the people send remittances back home Remittances, which replenishes the stock of human capital that may have been depleted in the home country by the brain drain. In the absence of surveys that match sending and receiving households, it remains difficult to quantify the effect of high-skilled migrant remittances on investment, poverty, inequality and lack of justice in the home country. The economic consequences of remittances likely vary across home countries.

2 Trained educated personnel return home bringing back years of expertise which they can use for the betterment of their countries. Proponents of brain drain argue that even in the poorest of countries (Cuba may well be a good example); the prospect of being able to emigrate may increase incentives to acquire education and skills and induce additional investment in education. When this domestic "brain gain" is greater than the "brain drain," the net impact on welfare and growth may well be positive 6.

3 Other advantages of brain drain include inward investment; transfer of technology, increased trade flows, and charitable activities of diaspora communities etc. make this phenomenon more positive.

4 The progress of developing countries further slows down, in fact all the developed world 's efforts to aid these countries may not matter if the local personnel required to implement development programs are absent.

5 Some of those who move from a developing country receive education in the host country. By staying there after they finish studying, these students may not fulfill the potential contribution they could make to their countries.

Brain Drain: Pakistan’s Dilemma
Pakistan has been facing the problem of brain drain for last three decades and this situation has become worse in recent years. According to Pakistan’s Overseas Employment Corporation almost 36, 000 professionals (per year) such as doctors, engineers and teachers (professors) moved to advanced countries over the last 30 years for better employment opportunities. This is the registered number of migrants but no statistics are available for unregistered people who migrated to other countries (HRD, 2008). In recent years, human capital flight increased to 45,000 highly skilled and skilled professionals who traveled to other countries for better carrier opportunities (ibid). This indicates that the situation of brain drain in Pakistan is alarming2.
From the perspective of Pakistan, brain drain exists due to the following reasons:
1 Deficient economic policies implemented by the government which have left the skilled, educated lot without suitable job opportunities.

2 Lack of coordination between academia and industries. This has led to universities and institutes producing thousands of graduates annually while ignoring the demands of the labor market. The educational system in Pakistan has developed as a response to the growth of those sections of society which can afford to educate their child rather than the demand for and supply of jobs. The lack of integration between education and man power planning is a core cause.

3 Low salary packages as compared to that of advanced countries or even with that of other countries in region such as India or China.

4 Although the research environment among universities of Pakistan is growing but still the infrastructure is far behind that of developed countries to provide a good environment for researchers and scientists in the country. Hence many Pakistani professors are practicing in Gulf countries as well as other high income countries such as USA and Canada.

5 There may be a Lack of ‘on the job’ self-respect and appreciation of professionals in Pakistan. For example, a software engineer has to follow the orders of his boss, even if his boss does not have appropriate knowledge about IT. This type of mismatch between boss and subordinate creates problem of adjustments and skilled labor prefer to move abroad where they feel their self-respect is protected.

6 Lack of optimism about the economic future of Pakistan. The relationship between inflation and brain drain is positive. The salary packages in Pakistan are 30-40 times less than developed countries (HRD, 2008) while the inflation is higher in Pakistan than in other developed countries. In such situation, the real purchasing power of money has gone down and people have been feeling insecure about their financial status. Although, every year government of Pakistan raises the salary levels (via annual increments) but this raise does not compensate the inflationary wave in Pakistan. This inflationary wave also intends the high skilled and skilled people to take decision for searching a job in international market according to their nature and will2.

7 Unemployment is also a major cause of brain drain. The electricity crisis in Pakistan for last few years hit Pakistan’s economy badly, due to which several industries shut down. This increased unemployment. Moreover, rise in inflation (and electricity prices) raised cost of production which further raised unemployment rate. Subsequently the skilled and high skilled labor had to move out.

8 Another factor of brain drain is trade openness. Trade openness boosts economic growth via industrialization, transfer of technology and resources, mobilization of human resources and foreign direct investment. Multinationals via foreign direct investment hire skilled professionals at attractive salaries plus other incentives. Due to openness, skilled professionals have realized their real demand in developed countries. Hence motivating them to move abroad.

9 The government’s attitude towards brain drain. Pakistan’s Governments view migration as a way to ease the country’s two biggest economic issues, unemployment and underemployment. Migration to foreign countries is seen as an effective way to increase foreign exchange reserves of the country.

According to Dawn news, as of March 12 2014, the foreign remittances to Pakistan have risen to $10 billion. Since much of the new demand for migrant workers comes from the Middle East Oil Exporting Countries with whom Pakistan wishes to strengthen its ties, no restrictions have been imposed on the outflow of manpower. The ‘export’ of manpower has thus become a highly profitable business with an assured market.

How has Pakistan been affected by ‘Brain Drain’

1 It is an established norm that before losing the investors the country loses its capital. As per some analysts, this is affecting the value of the rupee in the market. All developing countries experience brain drain at some stage, but the investor drain has a long-term devastating effect on this economy. For instance, industrial activity is almost at a standstill, some of the factories are reported to have been converted into warehouses for storing imported goods.

2 Migration on such a large scale had taken place in the 1970s but overall, it had a beneficial impact on the economy. The manpower migrating at that time was mostly unskilled and semi-skilled and therefore unemployable within the country. The oil boom did not only release pressure on the employment level but brought windfall gains in the shape of huge inflows of petro dollars and thus helped the balance of payments situation 7

3 Migrants now largely include doctors, engineers, IT specialists and other professionals on whom the nation has invested heavily and who cannot be easily replaced. Without them, the country is becoming barren of ideas, initiative and enterprise, which are the dominant factors in determining the level and quality of modern development.

4 Many migrants move on a more permanent basis and so do not send back remittance, which is one of the positives of brain drain.

Policy Formulation
The concern for brain drain has increased in recent years, on account of significant losses, both in quality and quantity of highly skilled persons in almost every profession. No serious attempts have been made to stop this situation. Very few exercises which evaluate all economic aspects of skilled migration have been carried out for different professions. So far it appears that government policies have not been guided by cost-benefit analysis. An attempt by the government to tackle this issue was the Emigration Ordinance 1976, which attempted to rationalize to migration of a variety of highly skilled personnel and introduce a 20% capitation fees on the foreign earned incomes of migrants. But this legislation had to be withdrawn in ten days due to strong opposition from professional organizations and vested groups here and abroad.

Government should develop all sectors of economy such as agriculture, industry and services sectors on equal basis. This would help in tackling inflation and reducing unemployment in the country which in resulting affects the problem of brain drain. The government must solve governance and security issues to enhance local as well as foreign investment for generating employment opportunities and brain drain will be lowered. Trade openness leads economic growth (Shahbaz, 2012) but aggravates brain drain. This suggests that to stop brain drain, Government must design a comprehensive and detailed trade policy to reap optimal fruits of openness. Employment opportunities should be generated in the country to stop the migration of high skilled and skilled professionals by reaping fruits of trade via economic growth effect. It is also important that government should overcome other social and moral factors that contribute to the problem of brain drain.

METHODOLOGY:
Our exploratory study aims to determine causes, extent and solutions to brain drain in
Pakistan along with proposing certain measures that can be adopted to overcome this growing problem.
Data Collection
Primary data will be collected through questionnaires. An online structured questionnaire containing close ended questions will be administered. The gathered data will be subject to statistical analysis. At least five people who have lived abroad for study or work purpose and have returned, will be interviewed. A structured questionnaire will be used for all these interviews,
Secondary data will be collected through literature review available from government websites and research articles
Sampling
Data will be collected through random convenience sampling from the following universities in Karachi : IoBM, IQRA, SZABIST etc . The population consists of all those students who are enrolled in Graduate and Undergraduate programs, who wish to immigrate to the developed countries. The sample size will be 100 and age limit of respondents will be 20-35 years. The exclusion criteria will be the age above 35 years.
For the interviews, the sample will be selected through convenience sampling and will only contain students and/or professionals who have returned to their homeland after studying or working abroad.

Limitations
The study mainly focuses on sorting out reasons of emigration of intellectuals from country .In this regard the study should take into consideration even those intellectuals (students and professionals) who reside outside Pakistan and identify the reasons of their migration. This research only focuses on people who aspire to go abroad and those who have returned.

Results:

1) Age

Below 25
45
59%
26-35
27
36%
36-45
3
4% above 45
1
1%

2) Educational Background

Engineering
13
17%
Medical
15
20%
Management/Business
36
47%
Other
12
16%

3) As a Student Rate Yourself

Excellent
21
28%
Good
40
53%
Average
15
20%

4) Have you ever registered in any of the following?

IELTS
17
22%
TOEFL
9
12%
No
50
66%

5) Reasons to settle Abroad

i- I want to go abroad due to Lack of Job Opportunities
Strongly Agreed
27
36%
Agreed
30
39%
Nuetral
14
18%
Dis-Agreed
5
7%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

ii- I want to go abroad to increase my standard of livi

Strongly Agreed
37
49%
Agreed
26
34%
Nuetral
8
11%
Dis-Agreed
5
7%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

iii- I want to travel abroad due to unstable economic and political conditions

Strongly Agreed
36
47%
Agreed
32
42%
Nuetral
7
9%
Dis-Agreed
1
1%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

iv- I want to go abroad because I face discrimination based on caste/language/religion

Strongly Agreed
14
18%
Agreed
20
26%
Nuetral
17
22%
Dis-Agreed
15
20%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
10
13%

v- I want to go abroad to study and earn an international degree

Strongly Agreed
19
25%
Agreed
21
28%
Nuetral
26
34%
Dis-Agreed
8
11%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
2
3%

vi- I want to go abroad due to lack of satisfactory working conditions Strongly Agreed
24
32%
Agreed
31
41%
Nuetral
14
18%
Dis-Agreed
7
9%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

vii- I want to go abroad due to sectarian killings and violence

Strongly Agreed
26
34%
Agreed
23
30%
Nuetral
14
18%
Dis-Agreed
8
11%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
5
7%

viii- I want to travel abroad for higher pay

Strongly Agreed
35
46%
Agreed
25
33%
Nuetral
15
20%
Dis-Agreed
1
1%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

ix- I want to go abroad so that I can enjoy entertainment legally prohibited here
Strongly Agreed
12
16%
Agreed
8
11%
Nuetral
24
32%
Dis-Agreed
20
26%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
12
16%

x- I want to travel abroad because Pakistan lacks in research facilities
Strongly Agreed
25
33%
Agreed
24
32%
Nuetral
20
26%
Dis-Agreed
5
7%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
2
3%

xi- I want to go abroad to live in technologically advance society
Strongly Agreed
33
43%
Agreed
25
33%
Nuetral
16
21%
Dis-Agreed
2
3%
Strongly Dis-Agreed
0
0%

Analysis of Research The questionnaire was administered to only those Pakistanis who intend to go abroad for either work or study purpose.
From the results we can see that majority people below the age of 35 years wish to travel abroad.
Those belonging to the Management/Business background are most interested in leaving the country, followed by Medical then Engineering and students belonging to other disciplines like Social Sciences.
More than half the people, who wish to travel abroad, claim that they are good students and have a good academic record. Meaning that students who feel they are talented wish to leave the country to further enhance their skills and utilize their talents for opportunities elsewhere.
Those who intend to go abroad usually appear for IELTS and TOEFL etc. but as per the results, majority people haven’t appeared for any of these exams. Either they plan to appear for such exams at a later date or their decision to leave is not final as yet.
While discussing the causes of Brain Drain, majority people strongly agree that they want to leave the country in order to raise their standard of living. The second most popular cause remains unstable economic and political conditions. Following this is the opportunity to earn a higher salary and then settle in a country which is more technologically advanced. People also strongly believe that Pakistan has a lack of suitable job opportunities.
It can clearly be observed that majority students want to travel abroad to work rather than to study and earn an international degree. But still many of them feel that Pakistan lacks the research facilities and infrastructure hence they want to travel abroad.
Unsatisfactory work conditions and sectarian violence (which creates safety and security issues), are also popular causes.
It appears that discrimination on the basis of race, language and religion etc. and entertainment which isn’t legally permissible are not among the popular causes of people leaving Pakistan. Interview Analysis:
From the interviews taken from people who have lived abroad and returned and students who aspire to go out, the following results were obtained:

Both commonly stated the standard of living- the quality of life, as a main reason to move out of Pakistan. Security situation including problems such as extortions, street crimes or sectarian violence is considerably pushing people to move abroad. Low per capita income and wages in response to the growing inflation is another cause. Lack of job opportunities especially lack of new professions and horizons is a disappointing factor for the youth. The lack in Research and Development and disconnect between the industry and academia leads to mismatch between the education being offered and the jobs available, a major push factor for the youth of our country.
Nepotism over merit is another common issue identified that causes frustration among the youth. Further both agree on the measures that can be taken in order to counter Brain Drain. Firstly the Security conditions need to be improved. Be it extortion, street crimes or sectarian violence, all this needs to be managed by the government so that the people feel secure to go about their routine lives.
Merit should be the criteria for selection and promotion, not Nepotism and Favoritism. Corruption should be overcome especially in the public sector. The government needs to start focusing on attracting investment in the country and encourage entrepreneurship so that job opportunities open up for the citizens.
Higher standards of education need to be provided to the youth and research facilities need to be given to people interested in improving their skills and interested in R&D. Scholarships can be awarded to students on merit basis so as to facilitate education.

All interviewees hope for a bright future for Pakistan given that the law and order situation improves, ethics and morals are followed by society and economic development is brought about.

In terms of compromise, apart from the basic adjustment issues, family life and family time has been the central feature in all responses.

The differences between the people who have lived abroad and those who aspire to go appear mainly in deciding Whether Brain Drain is a benefit or curse? According to those who have returned, brain drain has negative consequences because it takes away the talent from a developing nation which needs the talent and skills to build. On the other hand the youth who want to go abroad view this as a positive phenomenon where students are able to go out acquire new skills, send remittance back home and return to serve their country.
Also the younger lot feels that their expectations do come true but they have to expend a lot of effort in this regard. While the people who have returned feel that their dreams and expectations were not met abroad.

CONCLUSION:
This research was aimed at identifying the actual reasons that prompt people to move abroad for either for study or work purpose. As we have researched in Pakistan we came to know that a large number of Pakistanis want to see their future outside the country. The professionals of this country are in search of better opportunities and extra benefits in the developed countries.
Based on the quantitative data of our research we have concluded that in Pakistan the age group of 25 and below, which is the youth and the ultimate asset of the country, and who belong to different professional backgrounds, want to go out of the country to work or earn an international degree.
The youth of a country travelling abroad to settle and work is a clear obstacle in the progress of such developing nations as Pakistan. Generally this creates be lack of human resource in the field of industrial growth, services, research and education that could be loss in the stance when respective travel to some other country without making back up.
Brain drain obstructs the development of the country; the professional would not participate in the development and can’t contribute in making refund of the debts.
Brain drain always be useful to the emigrant country as the youth strives harder to get their personal goals achievement, enhanced their skills, upgrade their education and they will perform much better after all the needs and demand been fully accomplished. On the other hand it’s the cruise for the host country from where intellectual individual are moving, it seems that main source of economy is moving from needy place to metropolitan system.
According to the analysis, one major cause of Brain Drain is to raise the standard of living. The second most popular cause remains unstable economic and political conditions of Pakistan. The opportunity to earn a higher salary and then settle in a country which is more technologically advanced also entices people into leaving Pakistan. The youth strongly believes that Pakistan has a lack of suitable job opportunities.
Through the interviews, a major pull factor was identified- Having family abroad. Those individuals who have family abroad are more motivated to travel to another country and unite with their relatives than those who have no family abroad. Also the extent of corruption, nepotism and favoritism at the work place has further disillusioned people and forced them to leave their native country.
A comparison between perspectives of those who want to leave Pakistan and those of who have returned home shows that in terms of expectations and compromises there is a stark difference. The younger generations expect to easily land a good job with high salary and all benefits and same respect in foreign countries, but in reality many people end up compromising their dream jobs, while settling for mediocre positions and also miss out on quality family time.

RECOMMENDATION:
The educational systems needs refined by improving the quality of giving knowledge, multiple selection of the careers, offering better job fields as we have seen the one third of the group still waiting for the better job opportunity. The level of education offered in high school and university needs to be upgraded and scholarships should be given to the deserving students.
At private or government workplace amount of wages and salaries should be equal or skilled based. Work flexibility, condition should be admirable so that every employee get fascinated to work for their native country’s organizations.
Brain drain can be prohibited by imposing some kind special tax, so that our manpower remains within our country. As it was imposed in further different developed countries to keep their residents within their kingdom.
As in the Pakistani culture we can see that skillful and merit are less in the organization rather than nepotism trends, which leads the merit to frustrations and the next step became search of opportunities in some other country. Merit should be the basis of recruitment and promotion.
If Pakistani government seriously considers brain drain as major issue as they should provide better and adequate opportunities to the youth of the nation that may process to recruitment of the skilled and talented person in the institutes and offer attractive salaries. Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged so that people start up their businesses and more jobs are created.
In the end one most important recommendation is for the media as the way they deliver the news creates negative perception among the intellects of Pakistan that Pakistan has no future. Media should play a positive role in promoting harmony and solidarity among the youth so they are motivated to deliver their country better.

References
1) http://www.ipag.fr/wp-content/uploads/recherche/WP/IPAG_WP_2014_113.pdf
2) Naseem,S.M. Brain Drain In Pakistan: A survey of Problems and Policies.
3) Docquier, Frederic. The Brain Drain From Developing Countries. IZA World of Labor 2014 May.
4) Kelo, Maria and Bernd Wächter. Migration in the European Union after Enlargement.http://www.acasecretariat.be/fileadmin/aca_docs/documents/reports/Migration.pdf. 2004, September 30.
5) Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan.Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/reassessing-impacts-brain-drain-developing-countries. 2005, August 1
6) Rizvi, Shamim Ahmed.Brain Drain and its Impact on Economy. http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue41/i&e4.htm

References: 1) http://www.ipag.fr/wp-content/uploads/recherche/WP/IPAG_WP_2014_113.pdf 2) Naseem,S.M. Brain Drain In Pakistan: A survey of Problems and Policies. 3) Docquier, Frederic. The Brain Drain From Developing Countries. IZA World of Labor 2014 May. 4) Kelo, Maria and Bernd Wächter. Migration in the European Union after Enlargement.http://www.acasecretariat.be/fileadmin/aca_docs/documents/reports/Migration.pdf. 2004, September 30. 5) Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan.Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/reassessing-impacts-brain-drain-developing-countries. 2005, August 1 6) Rizvi, Shamim Ahmed.Brain Drain and its Impact on Economy. http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue41/i&e4.htm