Briefly Explain Phonology and Phonetics by Pointing Out the Differences and Similarities

In answering this question, it will be appropriate to define the two terms which do not only explain them but also point out their difference (s). Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is a science of human speech and study the human speech sounds. It further studies the defining characteristics of human vocal noise and concentrates its attention on those sounds that occurs in world language. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neuro-physiological status. On the other hand, phonology is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs. Phonology is the study of how sounds pattern in human languages as well as used to refer to the knowledge speakers have about the sound patterns of their language.
Phonetics therefore differs from Phonology in that Phonetics studies sounds not in specific language whereas Phonology deals with sounds and their contrasts only within the concept of some language. All possible human sounds are concerns of phonetics unlike phonology which is language-specific.
Also, the conclusions reached on phonology of a language must not be generalized into the study of another language because the patterns might not be the same. Again, the basic unit of phonology is the phoneme while the basic unit of phonetics is the phone.
Another difference is that while Phonetics is a science, phonology is in the humanities.
Equally, Phonetics discovers, identifies and describes the sounds that phonology study their patterns in particular languages. Phonetics descriptions are general and applicable wherever the sounds are found while phonological descriptions are usually language-specific.
The field of phonetics is a multiple layered subject of linguistics that focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages, there are three basic areas of study which are articulatory phonetics, which is the study of the production of speech sounds, acoustic phonetics which is the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener and auditory phonetics which is the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.
Phonetics is concern with the production, transmission, and perception of the physical phenomena which are abstracted in the mind to constitute these speech sounds or signs, on the other hand, Phonology is concern with systems of phonemes, abstract cognitive units of speech sound or sign which distinguish the words of a language.
Phonetics is strictly physical while phonology also pays attention to the function or meaning of a sound.
While Phonetics only asks, “Does this sound go here or not?” Phonology asks, “Does the meaning change if I put this sound here instead of that one?”
Phonetics makes a pretty general description of sounds and can be used to describe sounds in any language. Phonology makes very detailed descriptions of sounds, so each language has its own unique set of symbols (because no two languages use all of the exact same sounds).
In terms of similarities, Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. The similarity between phonetics and phonology lies in the fact that both of them are branches of linguistics and they are both dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. Also, phonology begins from where phonetics ends which means that phonology is a continuation of phonetics. Therefore, without one, the other cannot exist. Also, they are both used in language development, mostly in the development of a language's autography and transcription. In brief, phonetics is the study of the sounds humans can make. Phonology is the study of how those sounds are used in language.
The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics deals with the physical production of these sounds while phonology is the study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages. Phonetics is strictly about audible sounds and the things that happen in your mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. It’s only a description. Phonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningful. It explores the differences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. In contrast to phonetics, phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages, relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language. Phonetics deals with the articulatory, auditory and acoustic properties of speech sounds, how they are produced, and how they are perceived.