Brine Shrimp Eggs Experiment
EXPERIMENT : EXPERIMENT ON EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF GERMINATING SEEDS AND BRINE SHRIMPS.
DATE : 13th OCTOBER 2009
EXPERIMENT ON EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF GERMINATING SEEDS AND BRINE SHRIMPS.
Aim: to investigate the effect of difference in temperature on the growth of germinating seeds and hatching of brine shrimps eggs.
Introduction:
Growth is the process by which a plant increases in the number and size of leaves and stems. The growth of both plants and animals requires energy. Animals get their energy by digesting the plants they eat. Plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process where the green pigment in the plant's …show more content…
leaf (chlorophyll) absorbs energy from sunlight and, using this energy, water, and carbon dioxide, produces oxygen and simple sugars. The plant then uses these sugars to make more complex sugars and starches for storage as energy reserves, to make cellulose and hemicellulose for cell walls or with nitrogen, to make proteins. How the plant uses its energy depends on the developmental stage of the plant and on environmental conditions.
Brine shrimp which is also called as artemia do not live in the oceans. They inhabit inland salt lakes. When the salinity in these lakes is high, the artemia lay a cyst (a dormant egg enclosed by a hard shell called the Chorion) rather than an egg, these cysts can lay dormant on the sides of the lake until the salinity reaches a desirable level for hatching. They can remain dormant for many years.
From there at about the 24 hour mark, they have developed two appendages (swimming legs), antennae and an eye spot and are ready to be harvested. They are now called Instar I nauplii. They have no mouth or anus as they are still developing. At this stage they have a egg yolk reserve to aid them through the next stage of development. This makes them highly nutritious for some fish fry. They can not be enriched or gut loaded at this stage because they are not developed enough to eat. They also have no mouth or anus. Day 2 (approx 12 hours later) they begin to molt into the second larval stage called Instar II nauplii, they have a mouth and anus and a immature digestive tract.
During the next 15-30 days they molt and grow new appendages (swimming legs) with each molt, until they have reached adult stage. The males can be clearly recognised now by their graspers, which are modified antennae near the head, while females should be starting to show a egg pouch near the tail. They will be an average size of about 8-10mm. Adults can live up to four months if kept in optimum keeping conditions. If kept at low salinities (30-35 ppt) females can produce free-swimming nauplii (baby brine shrimp), in preference to the dormant cysts.
Artemia develop rapidly, with maturation coming slightly over one week after hatching of the nauplius larva.
While producing eggs under favorable conditions, some species or strains are viviparious (live birth) and some may reproduce via parthenogenesis. Brine shrimp eggs are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for several years while in a dry, oxygen-free environment, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called cryptobiosis meaning "hidden life" (also called diapause). Once placed in water, the cyst-like eggs hatch within a few hours, and will grow to a mature length of around one centimeter on …show more content…
average.
The nauplii, or larvae, of brine shrimp are less than 0.5 millimeters when they first hatch. They eat micro-algae, but will also eat yeast, wheat flour, soybean powder, or egg yolk (Schumann 1995).
Hypothesis: The seeds grown in room temperature have the highest length of plumule and radical. There is more brine shrimps egg hatched when they are grown in the incubator. The temperature of the room temperature is the optimum temperature for plants and animals to grow.
Variable:
Manipulated: Temperature of surrounding
Responding : the height of plumule and radical and the number of eggs hatched
Fixed: number of seeds and brine shrimps eggs
Apparatus: 1000ml beaker, glass rod, Petri dishes, wool, forceps
Materials: brine shrimp eggs, 10 g of sodium chloride, 1000ml of mineral water, 30 mung beans
Procedure:
A. The effect of temperature in the growth of mung beans 1. Pieces of cotton wool are placed into three different Petri dishes. 2. The cotton wools are wet with few drops of mineral water. 3. 30 mung bean seeds are placed into each Petri dish. 4. The Petri dishes are placed at three different temperature surrounding in which one is placed in the incubator (35˚C), the other one is placed in the air-conditioning room (20-22˚C) and the other one is placed in the room with the room temperature (25-27˚C). 5.
The growth of the seeds is observed 3 times a day for 3 days. 6. The condition of the seeds, the length of the plumule and radical are measured and the numbers of leaves are counted. 7. The results obtained are recorded in table.
B. The effect of temperature on the number of brine shrimps eggs hatched 1. 10g of sodium chloride is weighed by electronic weighing balance and placed into 1000ml of beaker. 2. 1000cm3 of mineral water is added into the beaker. 3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated for 2 times. 4. Brine shrimp eggs are added into the three different beakers. 8. The beakers are placed at three different surrounding temperatures in which one is placed in the incubator (35˚C), the other one is placed in the air-conditioning room (20-22˚C) and the other one is placed in the room with the room temperature (25-27˚C). 5. The solution is stirred gently 2/3 times per day for 3 days. 6. Every day, a drop of the solution from each beaker is observed under the microscope and the numbers of eggs hatched are counted. 7. The result are recorded in table as shown below.
Results:
1. Seed germination
Air conditioning room Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours
| Not germinated | 0 | 0 | 0 | Onset of germination | 3 | 1 | 1 | Radical emerged | 27 | 29 | 29 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 0 | 0 | 27 |
Table 1
Room temperature Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | Not germinated | 0 | 0 | 0 | Onset of germination | 1 | 0 | 0 | Radical emerged | 29 | 30 | 22 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Table 2
Incubator
Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | Not germinated | 6 | 1 | 1 | Onset of germination | 6 | 2 | 2 | Radical emerged | 10 | 8 | 4 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 8 | 19 | 23 |
Table 3
Day 1 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | Length of radical (cm) | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | Number of leaves | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Table 4
Day 2 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.0 | Length of radical (cm) | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | Number of leaves | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Table 5
Day 3 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | Length of radical (cm) | 3.0 | 3.2 | 1.5 | Number of leaves | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Table 6
Data : % of seeds that have germinated
At room temperature (26-27°C) -relatively high 29/30
Storage room (22°C) -high 29/30
Incubator (36°C) - low 25/30
2. Experiment on Brine shrimp egg Day 1 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 2 | 5 | 0 |
Table 7 Day 2 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 8 | 10 | 5 |
Table 8 Day 3 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 10 | 15 | 7 |
Table 9
Data: % of brine shrimps that have hatched
At room temperature (26-27 °C) - relatively high %
Storage room (22 °C) - high %
Incubator (36 °C) - none / very few
Discussion: Overall, the seeds growth increase as the time increase. We can see that in 72 hours, most of the seeds have produces their plumule and radical in the three conditions. The only differences is whether the growth is rapid or not in the three different condition. From the table 1 to 6, they show that there is very rapid growths of the germinating seeds occur in the Petri dish placed in room temperature where the temperature is about 25-27˚C. We can notice from the table 1 to 3, there is more seeds with radical and plumule have emerged on them in the Petri dishes placed in the incubator. We also can see from the table, the length of both plumule and radical are the greatest on the seed grown on the incubator compared to the other 2 conditions. Besides that, the seeds placed in the incubator has the highest number of leaves been produced. However, the growth of seed placed in the incubator is very slow. We can see from the table 1 to 7 that the seeds placed in this condition has the lowest number of leaves anf the shortest length of plumule and radical. It is because temperature influences most plant processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, germination, and flowering. As temperature increases (up to a point), photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration increase. When combined with day-length, temperature also affects the change from vegetative (leafy) to reproductive (flowering) growth. Depending on the situation and the specific plant, the effect of temperature can either speed up or slow down this transition. Plants grow best when daytime temperature is about 10 to 15 degrees higher than nighttime temperature. Under these conditions, plants photosynthesize (build up) and respire (break down) during optimum daytime temperatures and then curtail respiration at night. However, not all plants grow best under the same range between nighttime and daytime temperatures. For example, snapdragons grow best at nighttime temperatures of 55°F; poinsettias, at 62°F.
Temperatures higher than needed will increase respiration of the plant, sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis. Thus, photosynthates are used faster than they are produced. For growth to occur, photosynthesis must be greater than respiration. Daytime temperatures that are too low often produce poor growth by slowing down photosynthesis. The result is reduced yield (i.e., fruit or grain production). Plants produce maximum growth when exposed to a day temperature that is about 10 to 15°F higher than the night temperature. This allows the plant to photosynthesize (build up) and respire (break down) during an optimum daytime temperature, and to curtail the rate of respiration during a cooler night. High temperatures cause increased respiration, sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis.
Low temperatures can result in poor growth. Photosynthesis is slowed down at low temperatures. Since photosynthesis is slowed, growth is slowed, and this results in lower yields. Not all plants grow best in the same temperature range. For example, snapdragons grow best when night time temperatures are 55°F, while the poinsettia grows best at 62°F. Florist cyclamen does well under very cool conditions, while many bedding plants grow best at a higher temperature. From table 7 and onwards, we can see that there is more egg hatched in the beaker placed in the room temperature. The optimum temperature for the eggs ti hatch is 25-28°C (77-82°F) with the salinity of 30-35 ppt and ph 8.2. Below 8 or over 9 will result the shrimps to die. Aeration need to be vigorous, but not too harsh. It is crucial to provide the ventilation for the eggs. During the hatching, pH of the hatching water will drop considerably. To prevent this, we can make an adjustment. To increase the pH to a higher level we can use Bi-carb soda to be added into the hatching water.
Safety Precautions: * Hands must be washed thoroughly before and after the experiment is carried out. * The beaker containing the brine shrimps eggs must be stir manually to provide ventilation to the egg. * The hatching water must be stir gently. * Only mineral water can be used to make up the hatching water. * The lid of the Petri dish must be opened in order for the plumule of the seeds to grow upright. Thus, measurement of its length can easily be made.
Conclusion: The seeds grown in room temperature have the highest length of plumule and radical. There is more brine shrimps egg hatched when they are grown in the incubator. The temperature of the room temperature is the optimum temperature for plants and animals to grow.
Reference: http://www.seedbiology.de/germination.asp; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Brine_shrimp ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-1/Germination.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.selah.k12.wa.us/SOAR/SciProj2000/MichaelH.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/heat.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=150255 ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009
DATE : 13th OCTOBER 2009
EXPERIMENT ON EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF GERMINATING SEEDS AND BRINE SHRIMPS.
Aim: to investigate the effect of difference in temperature on the growth of germinating seeds and hatching of brine shrimps eggs.
Introduction:
Growth is the process by which a plant increases in the number and size of leaves and stems. The growth of both plants and animals requires energy. Animals get their energy by digesting the plants they eat. Plants get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process where the green pigment in the plant's …show more content…
leaf (chlorophyll) absorbs energy from sunlight and, using this energy, water, and carbon dioxide, produces oxygen and simple sugars. The plant then uses these sugars to make more complex sugars and starches for storage as energy reserves, to make cellulose and hemicellulose for cell walls or with nitrogen, to make proteins. How the plant uses its energy depends on the developmental stage of the plant and on environmental conditions.
Brine shrimp which is also called as artemia do not live in the oceans. They inhabit inland salt lakes. When the salinity in these lakes is high, the artemia lay a cyst (a dormant egg enclosed by a hard shell called the Chorion) rather than an egg, these cysts can lay dormant on the sides of the lake until the salinity reaches a desirable level for hatching. They can remain dormant for many years.
From there at about the 24 hour mark, they have developed two appendages (swimming legs), antennae and an eye spot and are ready to be harvested. They are now called Instar I nauplii. They have no mouth or anus as they are still developing. At this stage they have a egg yolk reserve to aid them through the next stage of development. This makes them highly nutritious for some fish fry. They can not be enriched or gut loaded at this stage because they are not developed enough to eat. They also have no mouth or anus. Day 2 (approx 12 hours later) they begin to molt into the second larval stage called Instar II nauplii, they have a mouth and anus and a immature digestive tract.
During the next 15-30 days they molt and grow new appendages (swimming legs) with each molt, until they have reached adult stage. The males can be clearly recognised now by their graspers, which are modified antennae near the head, while females should be starting to show a egg pouch near the tail. They will be an average size of about 8-10mm. Adults can live up to four months if kept in optimum keeping conditions. If kept at low salinities (30-35 ppt) females can produce free-swimming nauplii (baby brine shrimp), in preference to the dormant cysts.
Artemia develop rapidly, with maturation coming slightly over one week after hatching of the nauplius larva.
While producing eggs under favorable conditions, some species or strains are viviparious (live birth) and some may reproduce via parthenogenesis. Brine shrimp eggs are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for several years while in a dry, oxygen-free environment, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called cryptobiosis meaning "hidden life" (also called diapause). Once placed in water, the cyst-like eggs hatch within a few hours, and will grow to a mature length of around one centimeter on …show more content…
average.
The nauplii, or larvae, of brine shrimp are less than 0.5 millimeters when they first hatch. They eat micro-algae, but will also eat yeast, wheat flour, soybean powder, or egg yolk (Schumann 1995).
Hypothesis: The seeds grown in room temperature have the highest length of plumule and radical. There is more brine shrimps egg hatched when they are grown in the incubator. The temperature of the room temperature is the optimum temperature for plants and animals to grow.
Variable:
Manipulated: Temperature of surrounding
Responding : the height of plumule and radical and the number of eggs hatched
Fixed: number of seeds and brine shrimps eggs
Apparatus: 1000ml beaker, glass rod, Petri dishes, wool, forceps
Materials: brine shrimp eggs, 10 g of sodium chloride, 1000ml of mineral water, 30 mung beans
Procedure:
A. The effect of temperature in the growth of mung beans 1. Pieces of cotton wool are placed into three different Petri dishes. 2. The cotton wools are wet with few drops of mineral water. 3. 30 mung bean seeds are placed into each Petri dish. 4. The Petri dishes are placed at three different temperature surrounding in which one is placed in the incubator (35˚C), the other one is placed in the air-conditioning room (20-22˚C) and the other one is placed in the room with the room temperature (25-27˚C). 5.
The growth of the seeds is observed 3 times a day for 3 days. 6. The condition of the seeds, the length of the plumule and radical are measured and the numbers of leaves are counted. 7. The results obtained are recorded in table.
B. The effect of temperature on the number of brine shrimps eggs hatched 1. 10g of sodium chloride is weighed by electronic weighing balance and placed into 1000ml of beaker. 2. 1000cm3 of mineral water is added into the beaker. 3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated for 2 times. 4. Brine shrimp eggs are added into the three different beakers. 8. The beakers are placed at three different surrounding temperatures in which one is placed in the incubator (35˚C), the other one is placed in the air-conditioning room (20-22˚C) and the other one is placed in the room with the room temperature (25-27˚C). 5. The solution is stirred gently 2/3 times per day for 3 days. 6. Every day, a drop of the solution from each beaker is observed under the microscope and the numbers of eggs hatched are counted. 7. The result are recorded in table as shown below.
Results:
1. Seed germination
Air conditioning room Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours
| Not germinated | 0 | 0 | 0 | Onset of germination | 3 | 1 | 1 | Radical emerged | 27 | 29 | 29 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 0 | 0 | 27 |
Table 1
Room temperature Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | Not germinated | 0 | 0 | 0 | Onset of germination | 1 | 0 | 0 | Radical emerged | 29 | 30 | 22 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Table 2
Incubator
Condition of seeds | Quantity of seeds | | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | Not germinated | 6 | 1 | 1 | Onset of germination | 6 | 2 | 2 | Radical emerged | 10 | 8 | 4 | Radicle and plumule emerged | 8 | 19 | 23 |
Table 3
Day 1 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | Length of radical (cm) | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | Number of leaves | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Table 4
Day 2 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.0 | Length of radical (cm) | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.3 | Number of leaves | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Table 5
Day 3 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | length of plumule (cm) | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | Length of radical (cm) | 3.0 | 3.2 | 1.5 | Number of leaves | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Table 6
Data : % of seeds that have germinated
At room temperature (26-27°C) -relatively high 29/30
Storage room (22°C) -high 29/30
Incubator (36°C) - low 25/30
2. Experiment on Brine shrimp egg Day 1 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 2 | 5 | 0 |
Table 7 Day 2 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 8 | 10 | 5 |
Table 8 Day 3 Temperature | Air-conditioning room | Room temperature | Incubator | No.of eggs hatched | 10 | 15 | 7 |
Table 9
Data: % of brine shrimps that have hatched
At room temperature (26-27 °C) - relatively high %
Storage room (22 °C) - high %
Incubator (36 °C) - none / very few
Discussion: Overall, the seeds growth increase as the time increase. We can see that in 72 hours, most of the seeds have produces their plumule and radical in the three conditions. The only differences is whether the growth is rapid or not in the three different condition. From the table 1 to 6, they show that there is very rapid growths of the germinating seeds occur in the Petri dish placed in room temperature where the temperature is about 25-27˚C. We can notice from the table 1 to 3, there is more seeds with radical and plumule have emerged on them in the Petri dishes placed in the incubator. We also can see from the table, the length of both plumule and radical are the greatest on the seed grown on the incubator compared to the other 2 conditions. Besides that, the seeds placed in the incubator has the highest number of leaves been produced. However, the growth of seed placed in the incubator is very slow. We can see from the table 1 to 7 that the seeds placed in this condition has the lowest number of leaves anf the shortest length of plumule and radical. It is because temperature influences most plant processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, germination, and flowering. As temperature increases (up to a point), photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration increase. When combined with day-length, temperature also affects the change from vegetative (leafy) to reproductive (flowering) growth. Depending on the situation and the specific plant, the effect of temperature can either speed up or slow down this transition. Plants grow best when daytime temperature is about 10 to 15 degrees higher than nighttime temperature. Under these conditions, plants photosynthesize (build up) and respire (break down) during optimum daytime temperatures and then curtail respiration at night. However, not all plants grow best under the same range between nighttime and daytime temperatures. For example, snapdragons grow best at nighttime temperatures of 55°F; poinsettias, at 62°F.
Temperatures higher than needed will increase respiration of the plant, sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis. Thus, photosynthates are used faster than they are produced. For growth to occur, photosynthesis must be greater than respiration. Daytime temperatures that are too low often produce poor growth by slowing down photosynthesis. The result is reduced yield (i.e., fruit or grain production). Plants produce maximum growth when exposed to a day temperature that is about 10 to 15°F higher than the night temperature. This allows the plant to photosynthesize (build up) and respire (break down) during an optimum daytime temperature, and to curtail the rate of respiration during a cooler night. High temperatures cause increased respiration, sometimes above the rate of photosynthesis.
Low temperatures can result in poor growth. Photosynthesis is slowed down at low temperatures. Since photosynthesis is slowed, growth is slowed, and this results in lower yields. Not all plants grow best in the same temperature range. For example, snapdragons grow best when night time temperatures are 55°F, while the poinsettia grows best at 62°F. Florist cyclamen does well under very cool conditions, while many bedding plants grow best at a higher temperature. From table 7 and onwards, we can see that there is more egg hatched in the beaker placed in the room temperature. The optimum temperature for the eggs ti hatch is 25-28°C (77-82°F) with the salinity of 30-35 ppt and ph 8.2. Below 8 or over 9 will result the shrimps to die. Aeration need to be vigorous, but not too harsh. It is crucial to provide the ventilation for the eggs. During the hatching, pH of the hatching water will drop considerably. To prevent this, we can make an adjustment. To increase the pH to a higher level we can use Bi-carb soda to be added into the hatching water.
Safety Precautions: * Hands must be washed thoroughly before and after the experiment is carried out. * The beaker containing the brine shrimps eggs must be stir manually to provide ventilation to the egg. * The hatching water must be stir gently. * Only mineral water can be used to make up the hatching water. * The lid of the Petri dish must be opened in order for the plumule of the seeds to grow upright. Thus, measurement of its length can easily be made.
Conclusion: The seeds grown in room temperature have the highest length of plumule and radical. There is more brine shrimps egg hatched when they are grown in the incubator. The temperature of the room temperature is the optimum temperature for plants and animals to grow.
Reference: http://www.seedbiology.de/germination.asp; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Brine_shrimp ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-1/Germination.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.selah.k12.wa.us/SOAR/SciProj2000/MichaelH.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/heat.html ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009 http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=150255 ; Retrieved on: 12th October 2009