Bronze Age Vs Dark Ages Essay
The Bronze Age → Dark Ages
Greece
Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates
Egypt - Nile : flooding every year which makes the soil fertile In the 4th millenium, settled clusters of people
1. Predynastic 2. Old kingdom - known for grandiose architecture (pyramids) 3. First intermediate 4. Middle kingdom - brief, unspectacular
5. Second intermediate period - started around 1800 B.C., Egypt is experiencing a decline, irregular floods, people losing trust in the government.
Hyksos arrive in Egypt - very traumatic, never happened before, invaders. They come on horse-drawn chariots, with more sophisticated bows. They conquer lower Egypt and move into the Egyptian territory. Speculated that during this time, the Hebrews came to Egypt.
Hyksos adopted Egyptian things, they are driven out and a new kingdom forms around the time 1570 B.C. - 1085 B.C. 6. New kingdom - 7. Final centuries Normer (strong ruler of …show more content…
upper Egypt) - unification of upper and lower Egypt Mediterranean) Upper Nile - where it begins, lower Nile is where it is dumped Preparing for the afterlife really concerned the Egyptians. Royal tombs - pyramids. Egyptians wanted to preserve your body, get you ready for the next life - embalming Go on spiritually: mind, soul, etc.
Thutmose I - In response to the Hyksos invasion, he pushed Egypts frontiers out as far as possible. Pushes north and south (Sudan) = EXPANSION Hatshepsut
Thutmost III - too young to reign when he comes to power, so his minder is Hatshepsut. She ruled in disguise, had statues as herself with a beard to hide the fact that she was a woman. When Thutmost III finally reaches the age where he can reign, he takes over the throne, and destroys the evidence of Hatshepsut. Period of increasing warfare - foreign armies are starting to grow (ex. Turkey). Egypt was fighting battles to keep them away.
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)- preist of the sun god owned 70% of the land of Egypt where they did not have to pay taxes. When Amenhotep IV comes to power, he wants to raise revenue, but most of the land is owned by the priest of the sun god. He abolishes the official religion, and focuses on Akhenaten (changes his name) and demands that everyone believe in Akhenaten. Instead of a real conversion of religion, but a scheme to defraud territory from the priest. The first time. Moment of monotheism - single god. His reign lasts very short, from 1370 - 1353 B.C. He is followed by Tutankhamun. This religion is abandoned, and the turmoil of this changed religion weakens Egypt.
Final decline 1085- 525 . Palestine is taken by the Israelites, period to the South are lost. Assyrians are pressing in, as are the Persians. Eventually Alexander takes over the territory. Egypt becomes are Roman province. The last ruler of this province is Cleopatra.
Egyptians needed some sort of writing - came up with hieroglyphics. Ideas are strung together. Egyptians also drew images of human beings - importance is measured by size.
The World of the Greeks
Bronze Age Greece runs until the year 1200
Three different groups :
1. Cyladic Found statues, figures shaped like humans.
2. Crete
Sir Arthur Evans - historian - fascinated by Greek mythology, and wanted to try to find the world of the early Greeks. He found the palace at Knossos, Crete. Palace may have been confused by labyrinth (Minos). No thick walls, means that they felt secure, no invaders - largely peaceful. They survived on trade - Minoans based on wine, jewelry, olive oil, etc. 3. Mycenae
Schleimann - turned up what turned out to be Troy, and discovered Mycenae.
Thick walls, so it is safe to presume they were warriors, their artifacts tended to be offensive weapons.
For a period of about 350 years, things start to quiet down. Literacy, highly detailed jewelry dissapates. People are beginning to paint, and pottery emerges. There is a demand for trading the pottery. An increase in commerce, currency, trade. Life begins to pick up again.
Archaeiec period: two big developments -- the rise of a distinct Greek language and voice, and the rise of a distinct political culture around the polis (greek city-state). Greeks moved into Macedon. They believe that you must be part of a polis to be fully human.
Usually have a market place (core), temple, walls, farmlands around it. Populations tended to be small enough that the citizens (male) would know each other. The art of governing was considered to be the supreme art. It was impossible to be a citizen and not be involved in politics. The male Greeks could be active citizens. Women, children, and slaves could not vote. Most of the male population were active voters, they all know each other from childhood. All shared art, politics, etc. together. To dump civic commitment was very looked down upon, looked at as a barbarian. It is about duty, obligation, and necessity. It is not like that today, no moral necessities. Greeks were fiercly independent. Only in times of war would they all get together. Aristocratic oligarchies were the ones ruling.
Around this time, the Greeks have a new type of soldier (hoplite) they were carefully trained, carried heavy armor, more advanced than before. Phalanx (group of soldiers). Mainly soldiers that make up the core of these forces. They begin to want a greater share in the political and economic force because they are the ones fighting.
Modification that allows the wealthy to be part of the government, not just by birth.
Draco creates first Athens system. Extremely harsh penalties in order to protect the poor. In order to balance social tension. Many farmers were unable to survive on their own, put into debt. Creates a potentially explosive situation. Around 594, system of archons were established. There were about 9 of them, given power. The chief archon, Solon, a great law-giver in Athens. There are two solutions: seize their (the people in debt) land and redistribute it, or cancel the debts. Solon bans the practice of slavery (people in debt), and cancels the debt. Under Solon, elegibility to come to power changes from birth to weath. He extends citizenship to all the immagrants, craftsman, and others to Athens. Athens appears to be a welcoming, prosperous place to be. It becomes the leading light of Greece. Roughly about 561, former military leader, Pisistratus appears in Athens and takes over rule. He was a tyrant (just means ruling with no one else). He takes over the acropolis. Rules in the place of Solon. He encourages trade in the industry, builds temples, promotes new religious festivals. In order to make Athens a more attractive city, he seeks poets and artists. He builds an assembly (500 people ish). Assembly is a body in which reps are pulled from the citizens. About 4 meetings a month to discuss issues. As if it is the house of represntatives, but they are average citizens. By the middle of the 6th century, Athens has grown in size and wealth. Common people are more involved in politics. Wealth is now much more important than birth.
Cleisthenes (510 B.C.). People are looking for support. He appeals directly to the people instead of the wealthy, invents democratia (“rule by the people”). Sparta had two kings, and they are equivalent to Solon. They organized a different society: like the archons, there were two kings, and beneath them there were ephors. The Spartans had a different problem: in order to gain the agriculturally fertile land, they fought with the Mycenians, won, and they became their slaves (helotes). There was a massive slave economy. A small ruling group of Spartans were dependent on a much larger group (10:1 Mycenians to Spartans). Always worried about a revolt, spent a long time on their military and not so much on theater and philosophy. Sparta produced the greatest warriors because of this.
Homer (Illiyad and Oddesy)
Penelope married to Odyssuis. Penelope is weaving in a false home. Odyssius suffers from nostalgia (fusion of nostos and algia, home and pain - aching for home).
GODS: pantheon
Chief - Zeus - the sky god. He is known for launching thunderbolts, running th rest of the gods.
Zeus’s Wife - Haras
Poseiden - Zeus’s brothers - god of the sea and earthquakes
Hades - Another brother - god of the greek underworld
Demeter - goddess of agriculture, grains
Athena - warrior goddess, controls intellectual endevours - goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite - goddess of love and physical beauty
Apollo - god of music, prophecy, and medicine
Artemis - goddess of chastity, moon, light, twin of apollo
Aeries - god of war
Hephaistos - god of craftsmanship (metal, plows, tools, etc)
Hermes - god of travel, commerce, trade
Dionysus - god of passion, emotion
Greek Drama
Theater was born in Athens, Between 200-600 bc the Athenians created a culture of theater. The theater evolved out of religious rites (1200 BC). When Greece was populated by tribes. One of the groups, a cult, emerged. Originally the cult is from Asia (Turkey) and made its way over, involved alcohol. Trying to get as far away from the rational world, and become irrational (wine). They were most well known for wild dancing and alcoholic dancing. Altered state - “ecstasis.” Emotional release, or purification. Dealing with emotions. They were met with resistance, but spread over a number of tribes throughout the years. They became more formalized, more established. Eventually by 600 BC these ceremonies are regularly practiced in the spring. Dithyramb - chant of hymn with mimicking gestures and music. Most likely religious. Evolves into plays eventually (narrative, hymns, music, etc)
By 600 BC, Greece has already split up into city-states, centered around Sparta, Thebes, Athens
About 150,000 people in Athens around this time.
Called “attic theatre” (Attica)
Thespis from Attica added an actor (called protagonist)
Drama competitions begin, incredibly popular events. And the archons would choose competitors. Wealthy people would pay to support the dramas
Sophocles (496-406)
Iscalus (525-456)
Euripides (480-406)
Aristophanes (446-386)
Darius reorganizes the empire. Igniting spark of the war in 499. Ionians rise up against taxation and being ruled by foreign tyrants.
Persian invasion of Greece-
Herodotus: alive for most of these events, was probably too young for most of it. He knew veterans from these campaigns. Considered “the father of history” or the “father of lies.”
Dilos
Maxos
Pericles comes to power, undisputed political leader. Acropolis you see today was built by Pericles
399 - Death of Socrates
Thucydides
Wars between allies
In 410 democady is restores, Alcibiades leads
charge
Greece
Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates
Egypt - Nile : flooding every year which makes the soil fertile In the 4th millenium, settled clusters of people
1. Predynastic 2. Old kingdom - known for grandiose architecture (pyramids) 3. First intermediate 4. Middle kingdom - brief, unspectacular
5. Second intermediate period - started around 1800 B.C., Egypt is experiencing a decline, irregular floods, people losing trust in the government.
Hyksos arrive in Egypt - very traumatic, never happened before, invaders. They come on horse-drawn chariots, with more sophisticated bows. They conquer lower Egypt and move into the Egyptian territory. Speculated that during this time, the Hebrews came to Egypt.
Hyksos adopted Egyptian things, they are driven out and a new kingdom forms around the time 1570 B.C. - 1085 B.C. 6. New kingdom - 7. Final centuries Normer (strong ruler of …show more content…
upper Egypt) - unification of upper and lower Egypt Mediterranean) Upper Nile - where it begins, lower Nile is where it is dumped Preparing for the afterlife really concerned the Egyptians. Royal tombs - pyramids. Egyptians wanted to preserve your body, get you ready for the next life - embalming Go on spiritually: mind, soul, etc.
Thutmose I - In response to the Hyksos invasion, he pushed Egypts frontiers out as far as possible. Pushes north and south (Sudan) = EXPANSION Hatshepsut
Thutmost III - too young to reign when he comes to power, so his minder is Hatshepsut. She ruled in disguise, had statues as herself with a beard to hide the fact that she was a woman. When Thutmost III finally reaches the age where he can reign, he takes over the throne, and destroys the evidence of Hatshepsut. Period of increasing warfare - foreign armies are starting to grow (ex. Turkey). Egypt was fighting battles to keep them away.
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)- preist of the sun god owned 70% of the land of Egypt where they did not have to pay taxes. When Amenhotep IV comes to power, he wants to raise revenue, but most of the land is owned by the priest of the sun god. He abolishes the official religion, and focuses on Akhenaten (changes his name) and demands that everyone believe in Akhenaten. Instead of a real conversion of religion, but a scheme to defraud territory from the priest. The first time. Moment of monotheism - single god. His reign lasts very short, from 1370 - 1353 B.C. He is followed by Tutankhamun. This religion is abandoned, and the turmoil of this changed religion weakens Egypt.
Final decline 1085- 525 . Palestine is taken by the Israelites, period to the South are lost. Assyrians are pressing in, as are the Persians. Eventually Alexander takes over the territory. Egypt becomes are Roman province. The last ruler of this province is Cleopatra.
Egyptians needed some sort of writing - came up with hieroglyphics. Ideas are strung together. Egyptians also drew images of human beings - importance is measured by size.
The World of the Greeks
Bronze Age Greece runs until the year 1200
Three different groups :
1. Cyladic Found statues, figures shaped like humans.
2. Crete
Sir Arthur Evans - historian - fascinated by Greek mythology, and wanted to try to find the world of the early Greeks. He found the palace at Knossos, Crete. Palace may have been confused by labyrinth (Minos). No thick walls, means that they felt secure, no invaders - largely peaceful. They survived on trade - Minoans based on wine, jewelry, olive oil, etc. 3. Mycenae
Schleimann - turned up what turned out to be Troy, and discovered Mycenae.
Thick walls, so it is safe to presume they were warriors, their artifacts tended to be offensive weapons.
For a period of about 350 years, things start to quiet down. Literacy, highly detailed jewelry dissapates. People are beginning to paint, and pottery emerges. There is a demand for trading the pottery. An increase in commerce, currency, trade. Life begins to pick up again.
Archaeiec period: two big developments -- the rise of a distinct Greek language and voice, and the rise of a distinct political culture around the polis (greek city-state). Greeks moved into Macedon. They believe that you must be part of a polis to be fully human.
Usually have a market place (core), temple, walls, farmlands around it. Populations tended to be small enough that the citizens (male) would know each other. The art of governing was considered to be the supreme art. It was impossible to be a citizen and not be involved in politics. The male Greeks could be active citizens. Women, children, and slaves could not vote. Most of the male population were active voters, they all know each other from childhood. All shared art, politics, etc. together. To dump civic commitment was very looked down upon, looked at as a barbarian. It is about duty, obligation, and necessity. It is not like that today, no moral necessities. Greeks were fiercly independent. Only in times of war would they all get together. Aristocratic oligarchies were the ones ruling.
Around this time, the Greeks have a new type of soldier (hoplite) they were carefully trained, carried heavy armor, more advanced than before. Phalanx (group of soldiers). Mainly soldiers that make up the core of these forces. They begin to want a greater share in the political and economic force because they are the ones fighting.
Modification that allows the wealthy to be part of the government, not just by birth.
Draco creates first Athens system. Extremely harsh penalties in order to protect the poor. In order to balance social tension. Many farmers were unable to survive on their own, put into debt. Creates a potentially explosive situation. Around 594, system of archons were established. There were about 9 of them, given power. The chief archon, Solon, a great law-giver in Athens. There are two solutions: seize their (the people in debt) land and redistribute it, or cancel the debts. Solon bans the practice of slavery (people in debt), and cancels the debt. Under Solon, elegibility to come to power changes from birth to weath. He extends citizenship to all the immagrants, craftsman, and others to Athens. Athens appears to be a welcoming, prosperous place to be. It becomes the leading light of Greece. Roughly about 561, former military leader, Pisistratus appears in Athens and takes over rule. He was a tyrant (just means ruling with no one else). He takes over the acropolis. Rules in the place of Solon. He encourages trade in the industry, builds temples, promotes new religious festivals. In order to make Athens a more attractive city, he seeks poets and artists. He builds an assembly (500 people ish). Assembly is a body in which reps are pulled from the citizens. About 4 meetings a month to discuss issues. As if it is the house of represntatives, but they are average citizens. By the middle of the 6th century, Athens has grown in size and wealth. Common people are more involved in politics. Wealth is now much more important than birth.
Cleisthenes (510 B.C.). People are looking for support. He appeals directly to the people instead of the wealthy, invents democratia (“rule by the people”). Sparta had two kings, and they are equivalent to Solon. They organized a different society: like the archons, there were two kings, and beneath them there were ephors. The Spartans had a different problem: in order to gain the agriculturally fertile land, they fought with the Mycenians, won, and they became their slaves (helotes). There was a massive slave economy. A small ruling group of Spartans were dependent on a much larger group (10:1 Mycenians to Spartans). Always worried about a revolt, spent a long time on their military and not so much on theater and philosophy. Sparta produced the greatest warriors because of this.
Homer (Illiyad and Oddesy)
Penelope married to Odyssuis. Penelope is weaving in a false home. Odyssius suffers from nostalgia (fusion of nostos and algia, home and pain - aching for home).
GODS: pantheon
Chief - Zeus - the sky god. He is known for launching thunderbolts, running th rest of the gods.
Zeus’s Wife - Haras
Poseiden - Zeus’s brothers - god of the sea and earthquakes
Hades - Another brother - god of the greek underworld
Demeter - goddess of agriculture, grains
Athena - warrior goddess, controls intellectual endevours - goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite - goddess of love and physical beauty
Apollo - god of music, prophecy, and medicine
Artemis - goddess of chastity, moon, light, twin of apollo
Aeries - god of war
Hephaistos - god of craftsmanship (metal, plows, tools, etc)
Hermes - god of travel, commerce, trade
Dionysus - god of passion, emotion
Greek Drama
Theater was born in Athens, Between 200-600 bc the Athenians created a culture of theater. The theater evolved out of religious rites (1200 BC). When Greece was populated by tribes. One of the groups, a cult, emerged. Originally the cult is from Asia (Turkey) and made its way over, involved alcohol. Trying to get as far away from the rational world, and become irrational (wine). They were most well known for wild dancing and alcoholic dancing. Altered state - “ecstasis.” Emotional release, or purification. Dealing with emotions. They were met with resistance, but spread over a number of tribes throughout the years. They became more formalized, more established. Eventually by 600 BC these ceremonies are regularly practiced in the spring. Dithyramb - chant of hymn with mimicking gestures and music. Most likely religious. Evolves into plays eventually (narrative, hymns, music, etc)
By 600 BC, Greece has already split up into city-states, centered around Sparta, Thebes, Athens
About 150,000 people in Athens around this time.
Called “attic theatre” (Attica)
Thespis from Attica added an actor (called protagonist)
Drama competitions begin, incredibly popular events. And the archons would choose competitors. Wealthy people would pay to support the dramas
Sophocles (496-406)
Iscalus (525-456)
Euripides (480-406)
Aristophanes (446-386)
Darius reorganizes the empire. Igniting spark of the war in 499. Ionians rise up against taxation and being ruled by foreign tyrants.
Persian invasion of Greece-
Herodotus: alive for most of these events, was probably too young for most of it. He knew veterans from these campaigns. Considered “the father of history” or the “father of lies.”
Dilos
Maxos
Pericles comes to power, undisputed political leader. Acropolis you see today was built by Pericles
399 - Death of Socrates
Thucydides
Wars between allies
In 410 democady is restores, Alcibiades leads
charge