After the 10ml of dichloromethane was added to the separatory funnel, two layers began to form. The top layer is the organic layer and contains the caffeine while the aqueous is at the bottom. The dichloromethane has a density of 1.326g/cm so it is denser than water and thus is at the bottom of the funnel. After the distillation , the Bunsen burner was used to sublimate the caffeine as the heating mantle and the water bath would take to long for it sublimate. The text book “Small scale approach to organic laboratory techniques” on pg.77 dictates that “Caffeine constitutes as much as 5% of the leaf material in tea plants.” Using that percentage, this estimates the amount of caffeine in 5 grams of tea leaves is 0.25 grams compared to the actual 0.017grams gained and 6.8% was collected from the 5 grams. This lab performance was better than the acetaminophen lab and overall cooperation of participants was surprising though one of the participants confused the reflux apparatus with the…
There were six sucrose solutions: 0.0 M (distilled water), 0.2 M, 0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, and 1.0 M. The dependent variable was the mass of the cores of apple tissue. Changes in the dependent variable were measured by weighing the mass of each set of apple cores before and after its submerging in sucrose solution. The initial mass was then subtracted from the final mass and divided by the initial mass to calculate the percent change of each set. Changes in the dependent variable were analyzed in the form of percent change of mass rather than change in mass in grams because each set of apple cylinders had a different initial weight, so calculating percent change helped standardize the data. The control of the experiment was the distilled water because it has a molarity of 0.0 M, meaning that no sucrose is added to it. Several variables were held constant. It was attempted to keep the size of each core of apple tissue constant. Other constants include the ruler and scale used to measure the apple cores, as well as the knife used to cut the…
What is marketing strategy? The process of matching the organisation’s strengths to the customer needs, with the aim of achieving a competitive advantage in the market. The combination of product, price, distribution and promotion most suited to a particular group of consumers. • Goal: the create a sustainable competitive advantage in the market • All the elements of the marketing strategy that lead to the development of the competitive advantage require good understanding of consumer behaviour Marketing strategy process: • 1. Segment: understand consumers a. Determine the dimensions (age, geography, subculture) b. Determine the heterogeneity c. Define the needs & goals 2. Target: choose consumers a. Evaluate each segment in relation to organisational strengths and weaknesses b. Choose the segment with the highest potential for strategic match (organisation strength – customer needs) 3. Position: offer utility differentiate prevent copy a. Designing the company’s offering and image so they occupy a meaningful and distinct competitive position in the target customer’s minds Marketing Levers…
Caffeine is found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide. It is found most commonly in cocoa, tea and coffee, but is also artificially added to some soft drinks such as cola to act as a flavour enhancer. When consumed by humans, caffeine works as a stimulant causing amounts of released neurotransmitters to be increased. High use of caffeine has been related with raised blood pressure, restlessness, insomnia and anxiety which, in the long term, can lead to heart and circulation problems.…
After the American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists were changed a lot in society. Women had more freedoms, some of the slaves were set free, and many loyalists left America. America did not go through much economic change, but it did experience social and political change.…
Provide a brief explanation of what orthostatic hypotension is and identify the vital signs and their values that define orthostatic (postural) hypotension.…
The healthiness of coffee has been a topic of debate for many years. Being one of the most common drinks in the world, people have argued all sorts of positions in regards to its benefits or detriments to their health. Kris Gunnars’ article, “13 Health Benefits of Coffee, Based on Science” argues that coffee is indeed healthy, and provides thirteen reasons why. Jim Dillan’s article, “7 Negative Effects of Coffee & The Healthy Drink You Should Replace it With,” argues the opposite, claiming that coffee is overall harmful to the human body. Although coffee has both positive and negative side effects, Gunners’ article is much more informative, due to its abundance of citations, its large number of well-developed points, and the fact that the article remains consistent with its title.…
According to the National Coffee Drinking Trends market research study, 83% of the U.S. adult population now drinks coffee (National Coffee Association USA, 2013). Coffee is now a $30 billion-a-year national industry (“Coffee Grinds Fuel for the Nation,” 2013). This paper will address the analysis for the basis for the trends in consumption patterns of coffee.…
2. Suck up 10.00mL of 0% sugar (distilled water) into a pipet and move the liquid to an empty beaker.…
The aqueous solubility of midazolam is a function of both the imidazobenzodiazepine ring opening, which is a fully reversible process, and the ionization of the drug molecule play an important role in the supramolecular complexation with water-soluble cyclodextrins (Loftsson et al., 2001). Therefore, the total charges were assessed from the acid dissociation constant determined for different forms of midazolam as depicted in Figure 1. First, predicted negative decimal logarithm of acid dissociation constant ( and) and degree of dissociation for different forms of midazolam (Figure 1 (A)) were calculated by using the MarvinSketch software (ChemAxon, Budapest, Hungary), and equations 1 and 2 considering the charge-contributing functional groups for predicting molecular macrospecies distribution (88.29% for OR and 86% for CR) at physiological pH (Supplementary material 1). It was already experimentally determined for benzodiazepines that the positively charged nitrogen atom () = 7.0) has been affected by the pH-dependent reaction, hence the diazepine ring (1,4-benzodiazepine moiety) was formed with of 2.4 (Cho et al., 1983; Loftsson et al., 2001). In addition, the basic nitrogen in position 2 of the imidazole ring (imidazobenzodiazepine moiety) allows the active elements of…
Question: How does concentration of potatoes affect the amount of oxygen produced with hydrogen peroxide and potatoes (enzymes)?…
Caffeine is a natural stimulant that nature, acts as a powerful insecticide used by plants to help them deter various insects from eating them. It is commonly found in coffee beans and tea leaves, as well as cocoa beans as well. Experts are now able to isolate this potent stimulant, and not only add it to various health supplements, but also offer it in its raw and natural state. It is especially popular amongst athletes and bodybuilders for the following…
The study of metabolism reaches as far back as the thirteenth century. With it, things like the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial physiology, and diseases like diabetes have been better understood. The overall concept of metabolism is key in any biological field and it helps ensure the survival of an organism. It does so by converting things like food that we ingest into energy via a series of somewhat complex biochemical reactions. This energy can then be used for a multitude of things including growth, blood circulation, body movement, etc. When this energy is used O2 consumption and CO2 production are necessary due to O2 being our terminal electron acceptor. With that being said, metabolism is not a set characteristic within the human body. It can be variable with things such as time of day, temperature, and physical activity. The concept surrounding this is the key subject in our experiment. What happens to metabolism as the scent of a predator is introduced to its prey?…
III. “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) have estimated that the average daily caffeine consumption among Americans is about 280 mg per day, while 20%-30% consume more than 600 mg daily. The top 3 sources of caffeine in adults are coffee (70%), soda (16%), and tea (12%)” (“Caffeine”).…
Additional Resources http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/TLC/TLC.html http://coffeefaq.com/caffaq.html Materials Needed TLC equipment: 1 5-cm x 8-cm TLC plate, 2 capillary micropipettes, TLC tank and lid, ruler, UV lamp Extraction Equipment: spatula, 2 small test tubes, Pasteur pipet and bulb Chemicals: caffeine, ethanol, dichloromethane, TLC solvent (5% acetic acid in ethyl acetate) Meltemp apparatus and capillary tube Three of the following samples for analysis: diet cola, diet lemon-lime soda, analgesic pill, instant coffee, instant iced tea Purpose In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a standard technique for the qualitative analysis of mixtures, will be introduced. First, a sample of caffeine will be authenticated by measuring its melting point. The authentic caffeine will then be used as a standard for the TLC analysis one of the following items: a diet soda, tealeaves, instant coffee, cocoa powder, or an analgesic pill. The caffeine present in these substances must first be separated from dissimilar materials in the substance using a process called extraction. Extraction simply involves treating the substance with an organic solvent that will dissolve out the caffeine and other soluble organic materials but leave insoluble matter (such as cellulose in leaves and inorganic binders in a pill) behind. Background Caffeine. Caffeine is a heterocyclic (i.e., has atoms other than carbon in a ring) amine found in many plant materials including tealeaves, coffee beans, kola nuts, cocoa beans, and guarana seeds. Compounds found in nature are referred to as “natural products” and amine natural products are called alkaloids. Hence, caffeine is an alkaloid. Many alkaloids, including caffeine, have pharmacological effects. Some other examples are morphine, codeine, cocaine, and nicotine. Caffeine-containing beverages, mainly tea and…