Review of the Literature The synthesis of Canada's populaces is constantly changing and is turning out to
Review of the Literature The synthesis of Canada's populaces is constantly changing and is turning out to
Today, Canada is a country known for being very welcoming to all ethnicities and religions, but the effects of the Christie Pits riot questions how free Canada truly is, and the steps we have…
Under section 15 (1) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Section 3 (e) of the Canadian Multicultural Act, proclaim the rights of residents to be free from discrimination (Griffiths, 2013, 2008). The lack of community relations between the police and the community they serve creates a potential for distrust and misunderstanding by both parties. This sometimes leads to targeting specific people or profiling entire minority groups with criminal activity (Griffiths, 2013, 2008). “Racial Profiling can lead to racial discrimination, which may manifest itself overtly, subconsciously, or systemically” (Griffiths, 2013, p. 299). Research shows that Aboriginal people represent 4% of the Canadian population and 1 in 5 inmates in federal prisons (Griffiths, 2013,…
The rights and freedoms of every Canadian individual are upheld and fought for through the effectiveness in the Supreme Court. When cases make its way up to the Supreme Court it’s their duty to decipher the right and just judgment, making sure the individual's rights and freedoms have not been infringed upon. The court's effectiveness is able to balance the of the individual needs against society's, ensuring fair treatment of judgment at the last and highest court.…
Whenever someone states the country of Canada most people from other countries think of cold weathers, Mounties and people living in igloos. The reality is far from being that with there being warm summers and police with much better vehicles other than a horse. The country has a good government and a good justice system. Like most systems, the justice system in Canada is far from being perfect. There are multiple occasions where people are convicted of committing a crime that they truthfully did not do. One of that being Guy Paul Morin a Canadian citizen who was convicted for the murder and rape of his 9 year old neighbor Christine Jessop just for being weird. People can learn from Guy Paul Morin by him showing that the justice system has…
Stephen Lawrence aged 18 lost his life due to a fatal stabbing at a bus stop on 22ndApril 1993 in a racist and unprovoked attack. This was a case which the police were deeply criticised for in respect of their role of responsibility and the reason why the case is so well known is because until now, 10 years on no one has been convicted of his murder (Macpherson Report, Ten Years On, 1999). The real question is: have policing strategies changed since the case of Stephen Lawrence and has the MacPherson report resulted in extinction of institutional racism? Ethnic minorities have always been disadvantaged in some category, if not education, then employment and these disadvantages can change a person’s lifestyle. For example black people are more likely to be stopped and searched whereas Asians are less likely to be stopped. The smallest issues like these have become today’s major problems as ethnic minorities feel they are treated unfairly. Is there a link between the criminal justice system and black people and if there is then how has it been produced? This essay aims to examine whether changes in policing arising out of Macpherson report has resulted in the extermination of institutional…
he text, Diversity, Crime, and Justice in Canada edited by Barbara Perry highlights the fundamental knowledge on topics discussed in Canada and its society. The text examines the concept of racial difference. It delves into topics like society and crime, minorities, diversity, inequality, culture and all how all of these subjects intertwine with the criminal justice system in Canada. The specific chapters that will be discussed in this paper are in regards to conceptualizing difference. These chapters examine the ways various racial groups are subjected to similar marginalization, victimization, and criminalization.…
The last century has seen many movements for change in Canada, yet there is still much work to be done. Our society views a certain group of people with a high regard and an authority over others; these same people fall into the group that Audre Lorde calls the ‘Mythical Norm.’ Although Canada claims to be a land of equal opportunity, the ever-present conception of the mythical norm creates a breeding ground from which oppression grows in Canadian society. The idea of this norm is what leads to the domination of white males in the Canadian economy and within the country’s justice system. This essay will explore the ways in which the mythical norm creates sexist, homophobic, and racist oppressions in society.…
The Canadian criminal justice system is often represented by the balanced scales of justice. These scales symbolize the need for the law to be viewed objectively in order to ensure a fair determination of innocence. The criminal justice system incorporates the values of the scales of justice in an effort to control crime and impose proper penalties on those who violate the law in society (Griffiths, 2011). However, despite justice being supposedly impartial, there is an overwhelming representation of Aboriginal people in all stages of the criminal justice process, from the charging of the individuals in court to their sentence in prison (Pfefferle, 2008). This is a clear indication that the criminal justice system is not adequately representing…
Introduction: The judicial system in Canada strives to maintain the position that those who enter the courts are innocent until proven guilty. Many minorities enter the courts for various reasons, sometimes opposing bills, other times for offences that are not always correct. Bills have been passed that target certain groups, minorities face the possibility of their ethnicity affecting how they are treated by the police and courts and, in particular, the indigenous people face negative victimization in criminal courts and correctional facilities. There has proven to be an over representation in the criminal justice system of Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals and the system seems to be uninterested in the issue (David Lammy, 2017).…
In order for the criminal justice system to function as an effective institution, Canadians must decide what they want the system to achieve. Stephen Harper, the previous Prime Minister of Canada, came into power in 2006 and implemented a variety of legislative and policy changes designed to be tough on crime. The tough on crime approach is an important part of the criminal justice system because it is currently being used in the Canadian courts and correctional facilities. This paper will begin by discussing the tough on crime approach and its elements. It will then examine the models successes and failures. Finally, it will explore why it is not an appropriate method in dealing with crime. Harper’s tough on crime approach to criminal justice…
To answer if America’s criminal justice system is fair and just is a hard question to answer and discuss. The reason behind that statement is because there are so many reasons for why it is fair and just, and then there are many reasons also why it is not fair and just. This topic is something people argue over all the time and one that doesn’t have a correct or wrong answer. If I had to answer this question right away I would say that I am in the middle, I say that because of after reading the chapter on crime It made me see all the problems our criminal justice system has that needs working out.…
The Unjustice System One-thousand nine hundred exonerations of the wrongfully accused have taken place as of October 2016, forty-seven percent of which happen to be African-American. The justice system is considered a controversial topic because of the many factors that go into the discussion when talking about the justice system. Some believe that certain aspects of the justice system are unjust, while others see it as just. There is belief that if someone commits a crime they deserve harsh conditions, while others believe those on trial and prisoners are still human regardless of crimes committed and shouldn t be treated harshly. The justice system is unfair because of racial bias, unconstitutional overcriminalization, and monetary bias.…
The largest areas of culturally diverse societies consist within the 5 major metropolitan cites of Canada which are, Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, and Calgary (Mercer, 1995, 174). Most crimes occur in these large metropolitan cities, where many cultures are mixed within the large communities. As a result of many of the large Canadian cities being home to a majority group of people from a distinct array of ethnic identities, patterns of crime are often quite similar. For example, statistics have shown a large population of at risk black youth in the City of Toronto often indicted for street crimes. Or, the City of Vancouver, where the Asian youth gang phenomenon is at large (Mercer, 1995, 181). It is very important that the police forces in these communities represent or to the least have knowledge and sensitivity of these ethnic groups. Many of these at risk youth are either immigrants or first generation Canadians; therefore the police must be able to service them with the sensitivity of their background. Although, there have been efforts to diversify Canadian police there is still much work to be done. According to Geoffrey Li, the Law Commission of Canada has noticed through census statistics that: “in spite of concerted efforts to increase diversity in police services in Canada, women, members of visible and ethnic minority groups, as well as Aboriginal peoples, remain significantly underrepresented, compared to their representation in the communities being policed"(Li, 2008, 6). The enforcement and motivation for a more diverse police force is extremely important as the face of Canadian society is becoming less predominantly white males and more women, ethnic minorities, and Aboriginal, fueling the…
Cited: MacAlister, David. "The Law Governing Racial Profiling: Implications of Alternative Definitions of the Situation." Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice…
Racism takes on many forms in Canada. For instance, new racism expresses racist ideas by using coded language and masking them behind other social ideologies while old racism is more explicitly racist. Given that most people would not admit to being racist, measuring and studying racism can be difficult. Victimization surveys are one way that researchers collect useful information about how visible minorities perceive racism. However, these types of studies fail to accurately measure racism since some interactions - such as denial of a housing application based on race - are not always perceived as racism by the victims. Another method researchers use measure racism is social distance surveys. These surveys can be worded in a number of ways to ask individuals about how “comfortable” or “concerned” they are with minorities in a variety of situations.…