Carl Degler A New Kind Of Revolution Analysis

"A New Kind of Revolution"
Carl N. Degler

In his article "A New Kind of Revolution", author Carl N. Degler explains how government institutions had evolved in colonial America before 1763, and how it was threatened by new English actions and Britain's desire to re-gain control over the colonies. English policies and practices were the structure that helped shape colonial government, but the original policies of mother England had many differences to that of colonial policy that can be seen in many way both micro and macro. By the 1850's, many of the English practices and policies had been forgotten, and a unique American government had formed. Colonial governments still resembled those in England in many areas. All but four of the colonies
were lead by a Royal Governor appointed by the King and a colonial assembly similar to Parliament. The English and the colonists differed greatly in the form and purpose of their constitutions. From the early 17th century in England, the government had been gradually moving towards providing Parliament with absolute power. Even the King was now considered under the law, divine right had been cast aside and Parliament was unapproachable in authority and power. The colonists did not believe their assemblies should have absolute rule. Also unlike the English constitution which consisted of a "body of law and custom from the beginning of the kingdom", the colonists believed that a constitution was an actual written document that could not be changed on a whim by a supreme legislature. England and the colonies also differed in another aspect. In England the executive and legislative branches were simply similar forms of the same body, the executive branch was only an association of ministers taken directly from Parliament. In America, it was not possible to develop in this way because the governor was appointed by the King. They believed the King, like their governor was the true executive. For most of the 17th century it was assumed that Parliament still held legislative and executive power over the colonies, and was not tested. This caused the period of "salutary neglect" to occur. The colonies then became self reliant and formed their own ideas about government in lieu of Parliament's direct control. Colonial assemblies were seen as the main governing bodies and the colonists believed them to be as important as Parliament. The colonies also defended freedom of the press. The trial of John Peter Zenger in New York in 1735 was once such instance. Zenger's lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, changed beliefs about how the judge should rule for seditious libel. Before, the duty of the judge was to decide if the defendant actually wrote the alleged libel. In the Zenger case, Hamilton admitted that Zenger had written it, but he said the jury should acquit Zenger if the charges he wrote were true. The jury went along with Hamilton's idea and found Zenger not guilty. The view substantiated in this case was that if a society was considered free, then their voices and opinions must also be free. Voting in the colonies was also handled very differently; just who could vote as determined by English law was quite different from colonial policy. In both countries, only white, male, land owners could vote. In the mother country, this produced a small voting in elite due to the scarce availability of land, but in America where many people could vote, it made a large voter pool. In the years after 1740 the colonists became increasingly aware of themselves as Americans. Nearly twenty years before the revolution Americans were expressing feelings that they were different from Europeans. The French and Indian War brought this obvious difference between Americans and English into light. When Britain ordered Americans to fight alongside the English, the two group's differences were obvious. After the war, Americans left with a feeling of British cruelty in their treatment of the colonies, and England felt that the Americans were cowardly useless soldiers. The development of America as its own nationality was clear. Colonists also began to develop a sense of Americanism, and built their own schools to educate themselves in lieu of sending their children to formally educate in England. America also began to develop a new form of language using words and phrases from the Native Americans and the Dutch.
This gave America an even more unique identity from the English, as they were no longer speaking the same but rather America had developed something unique on their own, this trend is still painfully obvious today. The colonists also believed themselves to be the hope of the world, or like the puritan ideal of a city on a hill, when they stood up to the tyrannical villain that Great Britain was believed to be. By the early 1760's the colonists were ready in a cultural sense to break away from Britain. The French and Indian War was a major turning point in helping the colonists decide to break away. After the war Britain had a large debt, and in order to pay it off they decided the colonies would play a larger role than what they were. They passed the Sugar Act which lowered duty on molasses to raise money and shortly afterwards passed the Stamp and Townshend Acts to increase revenue. These new policies caught Americans off guard. After the war they expected to return to the uninterested administration the mother country once followed. After the first acts were passed they began to complain and
said Britain had no right to tax them since they weren't represented in Parliament. Britain had waited too long to assert their authority. Americans had grown accustomed to life without the intervention of the mother country, and they realized they no longer belonged to Britain, but were separate people. At no certain point had the colonists actually thought of breaking away, their complaints were actually complaints to return to the old way. But once Britain would not give the colonists back the freedoms they had grown to love, they knew it was time to go to war.

all info from Carl N. Degler

"Sunrise at Philadelphia" by: Brian McGinty

In his article "Sunrise at Philadelphia", Brian McGinty discuses how the most prominent American men came together over the course of many months to create and ratify a constitution that would respect the rights of the people, and state, but also give enough power to the Federal Government that the united states might prosper, and flourish.
The process of creating the first real constitution began with the mass meeting of America's most prominent "demi-gods", the most prominent of which was George Washington, at Philadelphia on May 17, 1787. The first to arrive in Philadelphia was the young James Madison. In all, seventy-four delegates from different states were selected to attend the convention, and fifty-five actually appeared. All the delegates would not attend all the sessions. The convention was held in the paneled assembly room on the east side of the ground floor of the Pennsylvania State House, (the same room where the declaration of independence had been signed not long before. The convention was not only notable for who attended, but also who curiously did not. Among the names of the non-attendees were Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both of which were foreign ministers, Jefferson to France and Adams to England. But Adams' presence was none the less felt at the convention as he had recently published "A Defence of the Constitutions of Government", a document which analyzed the constitutional structures of six American states. The types of men attending the
convention were diverse. More than half of the attendees were lawyers, not surprisingly due to their heavy involvement in the move for independence. Also more than four-fifths of the member of the convention were serving-in or had been involved in congress. On May 25, 1787 the convention finally began with the first order of business, the election of a presiding officer. Robert Morris nominated George Washington (in lieu of Benjamin Franklin's absence) and John Rutledge seconded his vote. The convention then unanimously elected Washington as their presiding officer. The second order of business was that of security and secrecy. Nothing written down or spoken may be taken out of the building, and nothing discussed while the convention was in session may be discussed to the media or any other people for that matter. At the first deliberative session of the convention the Virginia Plan was discussed, it would set up a national legislature which would be comprised of two houses an upper and lower. The lower house would be elected by the people and the upper elected by the lower. The plan would also establish and executive and judicial branch. The first of the serious questions began. The first question was whether or not the convention should change the articles of confederation or completely re-create them all together. Various problems and question arose. Many believed that giving the feral government too much power would leave the states with no power or identity. They eventually voted to establish a national government consisting or a supreme legislature, executive and judicial branches. At this time the New Jersey plan was introduced, which would give equal powers to the smaller states as the large states, the plan was not successful. The first compromise came when it was decided to have the lower house based on population or state as representation and the upper as equal. This was called the Connecticut compromise. The Committee of Detail was formed and granted Congress the power, according to McGinty "to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises", this power was never granted under the Articles of Confederation. The Committee of Style and Arrangement was to assemble the text, these men coined "We the people of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island…" which was later changed to "We the people of the United States". According the McGinty the decision to change "we the people" to "we the people of the United States" became one of the single most important actions of the Constitutional Convention. It would signify that the Union of the Colonial states was a product, not as thirteen states but rather, a union of more than three million people. On Monday morning, September 17 the newly formed copy of the constitution was formed. Ben Franklin approved the document not as perfect but what may be perfect. Before the Constitution was signed the House of Representatives was decide to represent 30,000 citizens instead of 40,000 for they thought 40,000 was far to many. The same day, the 17th of September, the constitution was signed by the delegates in an order North to South. After the constitution was signed and the convention adjourned, the papers were frenzied with excitement, not knowing truly what had been occurring inside Pennsylvania State House. Many people were unhappy with this constitution, like Patrick Henry who believed the Constitution favored the eastern states. Richard Henry Lee believed we had just created another Aristocracy. John Winthrop believed the document gave far too much power to the Federal Government and not enough to the states themselves. The publishing of the "anti-Federalist" letters in New York followed, which bashed the federalist views of many. In retribution John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton produced eighty-five letters under the name "Publius" which were later published in a book called, "The Federalist". All the heated contest of the constitution and seeming lack of concern for the people's interest culminated in the creation of the American Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights laid out the rights of the people, that which the Federal Government could not impede upon. According to McGinty citizens of the united states could be sure that their most valued civic rights- freedom of speech and of the press, assembly and religion, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to bear arms, due process of law, trial by jury, representation by counsel, and privilege from self-incrimination- would be protected from federal abridgement. And so from the heated debates of America's most prominent men to the federalist papers attacking the constitution, American had finally become a unified nation under the same Federal Government, who now had the power to defend and uphold herself in the post-revolutionary world.

all info from Brian McGinty