Catalytic Cracking

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 BIOFUELS 3 2.2 Bio-Oil Production 3 2.2.1 Bio-Oils production by Fast Pyrolysis 4 2.2.2 Bio-Oils by Liquefaction of bio-mass 6 2.3 Vegetable oil 7 2.4 Drawback of bio oil 9 2.4.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 9 2.4.2 Catalytic cracking 10 2.5 Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking 11 2.6 Kinetic and modeling for catalytic cracking 14 3. Characterization and Analysis techniques 15 3.1 catalyst characterization methods 15 3.1.1 XRD 15 3.1.2 BET 15 3.1.3 SEM 15 3.2 bio mass and bio oil analysis methods 15 3.2.1 TGA (Thermo-gravimetric analysis) 15 3.2.2 FT-IR 16 3.2.3 GC-MS analysis 16 4. Experimental and modeling studies on wheat strew biomass 17 4.1 Sample measurement 17 4.2 Kinetic modeling 18 4.3 Data calculation 22 5. Result and Discussion 24 5.1 Result 24 5.2 Conclusion 28 6. Catalyst Preparation 29 6.1 Synthesizing MCM-41 and Impregnation of Palladium 29 6.2 Synthesizing SBA-15 and Impregnation of Palladium 29 6.3 Characterization of catalysts 30 6.3.1 X-ray Diffraction Measurement 30 6.3.2 Surface Area Measurement 32 6.3.3 Characterization of catalyst by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 36 7. Catalytic Cracking Experiments 38 8. Result and discussion for catalytic cracking experiment 41 8.1 Effect of temperature 43 8.2 Effect of WHSV on product yield 47 8.3 Characterization of cracking feed and product 51 8.3.1FTIR spectra analysis 51 8.3.2 1H NMR Analysis 54 8.3.3 GC-MS analysis 56 9. Kinetics and modeling for vegetable oil cracking 59 9.1 Lump Model 59 9.1.1 The Three Lump Model 59 9.1.2 The Four Lump Model 60 9.2 Result and discussion 61 10 Conclusion 67 Recommendations: 68 List of Figures 69 List of Table 72 Reference 73

1. Introduction

Nowadays fossil-based energy resources, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas are responsible for about three quarters of the world’s primary energy