Causes and Effects and Preventions of Smoking Among Filipinos

Causes and Effects and Preventions of Smoking among Filipinos

A Research Paper
Presented to:

English Teacher

Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School
Brgy. Pinagkaisahan, Cubao Quezon City

In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for English IV

By:
IV-White

April , 2012

Approval Sheet This research entitled “Causes and Effects and Preventions of Smoking among Filipinos.” By Patrick F. Cagampan and hereby submitted for approval. ________________ -------------------------------------------------

Approved by the English Teacher for oral examination with a grade of _____ on _____.
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Accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for English IV ________________

Acknowledgements First of all, The researcher would like to thank God for giving him knowledge and patience to finish this research paper. Secondly, The researcher would like to thank his parents for giving him financial and moral support.

Table of Contents Title Page ii Approval Sheet iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents v Chapter 1 Introduction 2 History Background 3 Limitation of Study 5 Purpose of Study 6 Definition of Terms 7 Thesis Statement 13 Review of Related Literature Smoking 15 Effects of Smoking Lung cancer 16 Heart Disease 17 Heart Attack 18 Causes of Smoking Nicotine Addiction 19 Peer Pressure 20 Ways to Avoid Smoking Self-discipline 21

Chapter 3 Summary 22 Conclusion 23 Recommendation 24 Chapter 4 Bibliography 25 Curriculum Vitae 27

Chapter I

Introduction We all know how dangerous smoking is. Smoking has been linked to many life-threatening diseases like cancer, heart disease and other illnesses. But despite this effects, Smoking become an addiction of Filipino people. Many Filipinos in our country are smokers. Even young people, they begin smoking as an act of rebellion or independence, some smoke because of curiosity and some youth smoke to be “in”. Our government passed various laws regarding the sale of cigarette products. Manufacturers have been required to include a health warning on all packages and cartons of cigarette. But instead of avoiding this product, we keep on buying cigarettes. We know that we cannot get any benefit from smoking, it will just cause us harm. It will destroy our body and affect our health and also other`s people health, specially the secondhand smokers. Smoking can kill us slowly by damaging our internal organs, especially lungs, and heart. After damaging this organ, smoker will feel weakness, vomiting, easily got tired. This are possible effects of nicotine to our body. Nicotine is an ingredient of tobacco where people become addicted and dependent. Smokers have a shorter life span compared to people who doesn`t smoke. Base on studies, A stick of cigarette can lessen your life by about three minutes.

History Background American Indians smoked tobacco in pipes long before “Christopher Colombus” sailed to the New World in 1492. Colombus bought some tobacco seeds back to Europe, where farmers began to grow plant for use as medicine that helped people relax. In 1560, A French diplomat named “Jean Nicot”-from whom tobacco receives its botanical name,”Nicotiana”. He introduced the use of tobacco in France. Spaniards and some other Europeans began to smoke hand-rolled cigarettes in 1600`s. At first, tobacco of the West Indies and the Orinoco valley of South America were the only types known in Europe. Commercial production of tobacco began in North America in 1612, after an English colonist named “John Rolfe” took some tobacco seeds from South America to Virginia. The Virginia soil and climate were excellent for tobacco, and it became an important crop there and in other parts of the south. Most of the tobacco grown in American colonies was exported to England until the American Revolution began in 1775. Manufacturers in the United States then began to produce smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff for domestic use. Cigars were first manufactured in the United States in the early 1800`s. Cigarette smoking became increasingly popular after the first practical cigarette-making machine was invented in the U.S.A in the early 1880`s. The use of tobacco products has been a controversial issue for many years. During 1500`s European doctors declared that tobacco should used only for medicinal purposes. The Puritans in America considered it a dangerous narcotic. During the 1960`s, scientist established that smoking tobacco products especially cigarettes could increase the risk of lung cancer, heart disease and other illnesses. Some cigarette manufacturers reacted to the medicinal finding by reducing the “tars” and “nicotine” content of cigarettes. However, doctors state that these measures have not eliminated the danger of smoking. Various laws have been passed in many countries regarding the sale of tobacco products. Since the 1960`s manufacturers in a growing number of countries have been required to include a health warning on all packages and cartons of cigarettes. Other laws have been passed to ban radio and television commercials advertising cigarettes. In some countries smoking in various places is prohibited.

Limitation of Study The limitation of this study is for those who are interested to know more information about smoking. In this study you can learn about the causes, effects and some ways to avoid smoking.

Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to know more facts and information about smoking. We all know how dangerous smoking is, but we cannot stop ourselves to use cigarettes. So this study wants to help those people who want to stop smoking. This study will show how hazardous smoking is, and how it can destroy our body, and affect our health. This study wants to convince people to stop using cigarettes or more probably not to use cigarettes anymore; this study wants to convince people that using cigarette is dangerous. This study also cares about the secondhand smokers-people who inhaled the smoke from smokers. Because they are also prone to different diseases.

Definition of Terms A Addiction – The quality of being addicted; compulsive need for habit forming drug. Addictive - To become physiologically dependent upon drug. Adolescents – The process of period of growth between childhood and maturity. B Behavior – Way of behaving. Bloodstream – The flowing blood in circulatory system. Brain – The part of vertebrate nervous system that is the organ of thought and nervous coordination; is made up of nerve cells and their fibers, and is enclosed in the skull. Bronchi – Either of the main divisions of the windpipe each leading to lung C Cancer – A malignant tumor that tends to spread in the body. Carbon Monoxide – A colorless odorless very poisonous gas formed by the incomplete burning of carbon. Cardiovascular – Relating to the heart and blood vessels Cardiovascular disease – A disease related to heart and blood vessels. Cell – a tiny mass of protoplasm that contains a nucleus, is enclosed by a membrane, and forms the fundamental unit of living matter. Cigar – A roll of tobacco smoking Cigarette addiction – The quality of being addicted to cigarettes Cigarette smoking – smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco in cigars and cigarettes and pipes. Some persons draw the smoke into their lungs; Cocaine – A drug that is obtained from the leaves of a So. Coronary artery – Of or relating to the heart or it`s blood vessels. Craving – An urgent or abnormal desire. Curiosity – Having a desire to investigate and learn. D Dangerous – Hazardous, Perilous Death – The end of life Dependent – Affected with drug dependence Depressant – one that depresses. Desperate – Being beyond or almost beyond hope. Destroy – To put an end; kill Development – To go through a natural process of growth and differentiation Discomfort – Lack of comfort Dopamine – One of the intermediate substances in the biosynthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine Drug – A substance (as heroin or marijuana) affecting bodily activities often in a harmful way and taken for other than medicinal reasons E Edgy – Tense, Nervous Efficiency – Without loss or waste Emphysema – A condition marked esp. by abnormal expansion of the air spaces of the lungs and often by impairment of heart action Engage – To cause mesh Experimentation – To make experiments. F Fatigue – Weary Filter – A porous material though which a fluid is passed to separate out matter in suspension Filtration – To remove by means of filter Foster – To give parental care to G Gases – A substance that can be used to produce a poisonous, asphyxiating, or irritant atmosphere H Habits – A behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition Harmful – Mischief, Hurt Hazardous – A source of danger Heart – A hollow muscular organ that by rhythmic contraction keeps up the circulation of the blood in the body Heart attack – An acute episode of heart disease due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle Heart disease – An abnormal organic condition of the heart and it`s circulation Hemoglobin – An iron-containing compound found in the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. Heroin – An illicit addictive narcotic drug made from morphine Hydrogen cyanide – I Influence – To affect or alter by influence Inhalation – TO breathe in L Life – The quality distinguishes a vital and functional being from a dead body or inanimate matter Lung – One of the usu. paired baglike breathing organs in the chest of an air-breathing vertebrate Lung cancer – Strongly linked with smoking M Malignant – Tending to produce death or deterioration Manufacturers – Invent, create Mucus – A slimy slippery protective secretion of membranes (mucus membranes) lining some body cavities N Narcotic – A drug that dull the senses, relieve pain, and induces sleep Nerve – Any of the strands of nervous tissue that carry nerve impulses between the brain and spiral cord and every part of the body Nervous system – A bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain, spiral cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the sense organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits nerve impulses Nicotine – A poisonous and addictive substance in tobacco that is used as insecticides Nicotine addiction – Nicotine in cigarette smoke affects mood and performance and is the source of addiction to tobacco. Nicotine withdrawal – Nicotine withdrawal is a term used to describe the effects felt by a person who is nicotine dependent and suddenly stops or significantly reduces his/her nicotine intake Nitrogen oxides – refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds O Obsession – A persistent disturbing preoccupation with an idea or feeling Oxygen – A colorless odorless gaseous chemical element that is found in the air, is essential to life, and is involved in combustion P Particulates - tiny subdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gas together. Peer – People who are equal in such respects as age, education or social class Peer pressure – Pressure – The burden of physical or mental distress Relaxation – The act of relaxation or relaxing S Secondhand smoking – is the inhalation, usually involuntary, of second-hand smoke from tobacco products by non-smokers or persons other than the intended 'active ' smoker Sensation –An indefinite body feeling Smoking – To emit smoke Stimulant – An agent (as drug) that temporarily increases the activity of an organism or any of its parts Stimulates – To make active or more active Priming – a process in which the processing of a target stimulus is aided or altered by the presentation of a previously presented stimulus. Prohibited – To forbid by authority Puffing – A short discharge (as of air or smoke) R Stress – A factor that include bodily or mental tension Striving – Labor hard syn. Endeavor, attempt, try, assay Surgeons – A physician who specializes in surgery T Tobacco – A tall broad-leaved herb related to the potato Trachea – The main tube by which air enters the lung Tumor – An abnormal and functionless mass of tissue that is not inflammatory and arise from pre-existent U Unforeseen – to felt or realized beforehand; unexpected: V Values – To determine or estimate the worth or value of; appraise. Vicious – Addicted to use Ventilation – The act or process of ventilating Vomiting – To throw up the contents of the stomach Vulnerable – Capable of being wounded W Willpower – Energetic determination

Thesis Statement Smoking is one of the major cause of cancer in our country, It can cause death. A single stick of cigarette can lessen your life by about three minutes, But even beyond this effect smoking becomes an addiction of Filipinos.

Chapter II

Smoking Smoking is drawing tobacco smoke from a cigarette, cigar, or pipe into the mouth – and often into the lungs – and puffing it out. The term usually refers to cigarette smoking, the most common form of smoking. People have smoked tobacco for thousand of years. American Indians, for example, smoked tobacco in pipes during religious years ceremonies long before white people went to the New World. In the 1500’s, many Europeans began smoking because they believed tobacco had medicinal benefits. Today, people smoke a craving for nicotine, a pleasure substance in cigarette smoke. However, during 1900s scientists found increasing evidence that smoking can endangered a person’s health. In 1964, the United States surgeon general first officially warned of the health of smoking. Since then, there have been numerous reports linking cigarette smoking to hear disease, lung cancer, mouth and other tissues: and other ailments. Cigar and pipe smoking have been linked to cancer of mouth. In spite of dangers, many people become smokers. Many young people begin smoking as an effect or act of rebellion or independence. Most adults smoke to reduce their craving for nicotine. The effects of nicotine help make smoking pleasurable. Nicotine stimulates the nervous system and the heart and other organs. However, its effect on the nervous system also causes many people to become addicted to it. Such an addiction makes it hard for people to give up smoking. http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/smoking.html Effects of Smoking Lung Cancer Lung cancer is strongly linked with smoking. For several decades it has been known that smokers are much more likely do develop lung caner. The risk of developing this type of cancer has been with the increase in air pollution. It is the single greatest cause of death among men and women in most industrial countries. Lung caner is also on the increase in many of the developing countries of Africa and Asia. Lung cancer, like all other forms of cancer, resulted from uncontrolled cell growth. Most cases of lung cancer start in the tissue that lines the bronchi – that is the airways leading from trachea to the lungs. The lining of a normal bronchus is composed of various kinds of cells. Each kind has a different function. One of the functions is to eliminate mucus from the lung. Cancer begins to develop when certain cells in the lining start to reproduce at a rate faster than normal. As these cells accumulate, they interfere with the elimination of mucus. Some of the rapidly multiplying cells become malignant. These cells serve no useful purpose but instead crowd out and destroy most neighboring normal cells. Mucus becomes trapped in the lung. The cancer cells form a mass, or tumor, that partly blocks the bronchus. Unless surgeons can remove the tumor completely, cancer cells will spread to other sites and eventually cause death.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/lung-cancer/ Heart Disease It is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. More than twice as many people die from cardiovascular diseases as from all forms of cancer. More than half of these deaths were caused by heart attacks. Disease can strike any part of the heart. However, the term “heart disease” usually means coronary artery disease (CAD), sometimes called ischemic heart disease (IHD) it is the most common form of heart disease. The condition affects the blood vessels that nourish the heart itself. CAD narrows the coronary arteries and so reduces the blood supply to the heart. Some people with (CAD) suffer severe pain. Others feel no pain and do not even know they have a heart problem. If the disease worsens, a heart attack may result. A heart attack damages the heart muscle or may even cause sudden death. Most cases of (CAD) can be treated, but the disease should be diagnosed as soon as possible.

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/lower-risk/what-is-heart-disease.htm Heart Attack Almost all heart attacks occur when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks a coronary artery. The condition is called a “coronary thrombosis”, or simply “coronary”. The heart muscled supplied by the blocked artery becomes damaged because it receive too little oxygen. Unless blood flow returns within a minute, muscle damage increases. The heart cells begin to die after 4-6 hours without blood. The damage can affect the heart’s ability to pump and cause the death of the victim. The body reacts to the heart attack with its own defenses – substances in the blood can dissolve clots and permits to flow freely again. If the clots are dissolved within 4-6 hours of the attack, the heart suffers less damage.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151444.php Causes of smoking Nicotine addiction The nicotine inhaled in cigarette smoke moves form the lungs, into the bloodstream and up to the smoker’s brain within 7-10 seconds. Once it get there, nicotine triggers of pleasure for the smoker, but create a temporary feeling of pleasure for the smoker, but these sensations are short-lived, subsiding within a minute, as nicotine level drops in the blood, smokers feel edgy and agitated, the start of “nicotine withdrawal”. So in order to relieve the discomforts, smokers light op another cigarette, And so it goes, the vicious cycle of nicotine addiction. One cigarette is never enough. Nicotine causes a release of dopamine into the brain resulting in feelings of pleasure. Over time, more nicotine is needed to reach the same level of pleasure. If the brain stops getting the nicotine it wants, you`ll feel desperate craving that are hard to overcome with willpower alone. Nicotine is both stimulant and depressant. That means it increases the heart rate at first and makes people more alert. Then it causes depression and fatigue. The depression and fatigue- and the drug withdrawal from nicotine, make people crave for another cigarette to perk up again. According to many experts, nicotine in tobacco is as addictive as cocaine or heroin.

http://whyquit.com/whyquit/linksaaddiction.html Peer Pressure Peers are people who are part of the same social group, so the term “peer pressure” refers to the influence that peers can have on each other. Although peer pressure does not necessarily have to be negative, the term “pressure” implies that the process influences people to do things that may be resistant to, or might not otherwise choose to do. So usually the term peer pressure refers to socially undesirable behaviors, such an experimentation with alcohol, drug use, and smoking, rather than socially desirable behaviors, such as academic success, although it could be applied to either, and either could be positive or negative experience for the individual. Peer pressure is usually applied to younger people, especially teenagers, Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to peer pressure, because they are at a stage of development when they are separating more from their parent`s influence, but have not yet established their own values or understanding about human relationship or the consequences of their behavior. They are also typically striving for social acceptance at this stage and may be willing to engage in behaviors that will allow them to be accepted that are against their better judgment

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-peer-pressure.htm Ways to Avoid Smoking Self-discipline Self-discipline is something we all need because it is a vital characteristic of a successful person. Because nothing is as easy as it seems. There are always unforeseen challenges and problems on the path to success and achievement. To beat these you must preserve and be strong. Likewise eating disorders, or other problems associated with excess such as smoking or alcoholism require will power. Excessive habits foster low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence. If you suffer from an obsession and cannot control it you may blame or punish yourself likewise the reverse is also true low self-esteem may cause some of these problems eating too much, too little or other damaging disorders. This is a vicious cycle. Self-discipline helps you control your action and make sure you stay on track. It`s helpful if you suffer those disorders and need to break out and cure yourself.

http://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/2005/06/self-discipline/
Summary

Smoking is dangerous to our health. It killed many people. It is one of the causes of cancer in our country. Many of us know how dangerous smoking is, But despite this danger, many of us keeps on using cigarettes. Smoking can cause many deadly illnesses, specially cancer and heart diseases. Many laws have been passed to control the use of cigarettes in our country; they required the manufacturers to include a health warning to all packs and cartons of cigarette products. Smoking damages our internal organs especially the heart and the lungs. Then, After damaging this organs the smoker can feel weakness, easily got tired, vomiting and worst can cause death. `

Conclusion Smoking is very dangerous to our health. It can cause harm to us, it is also the cause of many life-threatening diseases. Smoking cannot give us benefits; Smoking is just a waste of money. Smoking will destroy our body, Smoking have killed many people.

Recommendation The researcher would like to recommend this research for those who want to know more information about smoking. This will show them what the effects of smoking to our health are. This researcher also like to recommend this research for those people who want to quit smoking but does not know how to do it. This research will help them to know the ways to avoid smoking.

Bibliography * Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (1998) edited by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey 2nd ed. Rodopi. ISBN 9042003960 * Coe, Sophie D. (1994) America 's first cuisines ISBN 0-292-71159-X * Gately, Iain (2003) Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization ISBN 0-80213-960-4 * Goldberg, Ray (2005) Drugs Across the Spectrum. 5th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0495013455 * Greaves, Lorraine (2002) High Culture: Reflections on Addiction and Modernity. edited by Anna Alexander and Mark S. Roberts. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079145553X * James I of England, A Counterblaste to Tobacco * Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006 * Marihuana and Medicine (1999), editor: Gabriel Nahas ISBN 0-89603-593-X * Phillips J. E. (1983). "African Smoking and Pipes". The Journal of African History 24: 3. * Robicsek, Francis (1978) The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion ISBN 0-80611-511-4 * Gilman, Sander L.; Xun, Zhou (2004-08-15). Smoke: A Global History of Smoking. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892003. Retrieved 2009-03-22. * Wilbert, Johannes (1993) Tobacco and Shamanism in South America ISBN 0300057903 * Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. * Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco & Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. * Proctor, Robert N. (2000-11-15). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691070513. Retrieved 2009-03-22.

Links in the internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-peer-pressure.htm http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181299.php

Curriculum Vitae

Bibliography: * Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (1998) edited by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey 2nd ed. Rodopi. ISBN 9042003960 * Coe, Sophie D * Gately, Iain (2003) Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization ISBN 0-80213-960-4 * Goldberg, Ray (2005) Drugs Across the Spectrum * Greaves, Lorraine (2002) High Culture: Reflections on Addiction and Modernity. edited by Anna Alexander and Mark S. Roberts. State University of New York Press. ISBN 079145553X * James I of England, A Counterblaste to Tobacco * Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006 * Marihuana and Medicine (1999), editor: Gabriel Nahas ISBN 0-89603-593-X * Phillips J. E. (1983). "African Smoking and Pipes". The Journal of African History 24: 3. * Robicsek, Francis (1978) The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion ISBN 0-80611-511-4 * Gilman, Sander L.; Xun, Zhou (2004-08-15). Smoke: A Global History of Smoking * Wilbert, Johannes (1993) Tobacco and Shamanism in South America ISBN 0300057903 * Burns, Eric * Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco & Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. * Proctor, Robert N. (2000-11-15). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691070513. Retrieved 2009-03-22.