Chapter 1 Biology Study Key
Biology 1010
ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE
Ionic bond: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bond: A strong chemical bond in which to atoms share electrons.
Cell components (explain their functions):
Classification scheme of living organisms:
Enzymes (explain functions) :
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Active Transport:
Steps of cellular respiration:
How does the body grow and maintain itself?
The body is made up of tiny cells - for example, skin cells, muscle cells, heart cells, nerve cells, and bone cells. When a baby grows, the number of cells increases very quickly. A cell becomes a bit larger, then divides into 2 "daughter" cells (Figure 1). After a period of time, each of these …show more content…
cells divides, and so on.
Normal cell division. A cell grows a bit larger then divides into 2 cells. Once a child grows to adulthood, the size of the body no longer increases. However, our bodies go through a lot of wear and tear, both inside and outside. Worn-out cells constantly need to be replaced, so cell division still takes place, but more slowly. An obvious "outside" change is the tiny bits of dead skin flaking off as the skin constantly renews itself.
Although our bodies' cells continue to divide to replace worn-out cells, this happens in a very ordered, systematic way. The reason is that each cell carries genetic instructions that regulate how fast the cell should grow and divide and when the cell should die. A balance between cells growing and dying keeps our bodies functioning normally.
When cell growth goes out of control
Cell growths can be classified as either benign or malignant.
Benign growths Sometimes a cell starts to grow without regard for the normal balance between cell growth and death, and a small, harmless (or benign), lump of cells will form. A benign growth can occur in any part of the body, including the prostate, skin, or intestine.
Malignant growths In other cases, a cell may grow and divide with complete disregard for the needs and limitations of the body. Cells that have this aggressive behaviour are called malignant. They have the potential to grow into large masses or spread to other areas of the body. More commonly, a mass of such cells is called a cancer. When clumps of these cells spread to other parts of the body, they are metastases. A cancer that continues to grow can eventually overwhelm and destroy the part of the body or particular organ where it is located. | Meiosis | Mitosis | Definition: | A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells. | A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell. | Function: | sexual reproduction | Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body | Type of Reproduction: | Sexual | Asexual | Occurs in: | Humans, animals, plants, fungi | all organisms | Genetically: | different | identical | Crossing Over: | Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur. | No, crossing over cannot occur. | Pairing of Homologues: | Yes | No | Number of Divisions: | 2 | 1 | Number of Haploid Daughter Cells produced: | 4 | 2 | Chromosome Number: | Reduced by half | Remains the same | Steps: | The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. | The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis | Karyokenesis: | Occurs in Interphase I | Occurs in Interphase | Cytokenesis: | Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II | Occurs in Telophase | Centromeres Split: | The centromeres do not separate during anaphase I, but during anaphase II | The centromeres split during Anaphase | Creates: | Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells | Makes everything other than sex cells | Discovered by: | Oscar Hertwig | Walther Flemming |
The four main tissues:
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature.
In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function. The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole.
Genotype is simply the information within a gene, or the genetic makeup of a specific organism. Genotype is determined by the makeup of something called "alleles," a word that refers to the form of a gene that produces different effects. Genotype can be said to be responsible for phenotype – that is, the genetic makeup of an organism results in some of the physical characteristics of that organism.
Genotype is the information contained within two alleles. Genotypes can only be determined by biological tests, not observations. Genotype is an inherited trait and hereditary information passed by the parents determines genotype. The entire genetic information about an organism is contained in a genotype – even those that are not expressed visually or otherwise.
Examples of genotype:
The gene responsible for eye color
The gene responsible for hair color
The gene responsible for height
The gene responsible for how your voice sounds
The gene responsible for certain diseases
The gene responsible for certain behaviors
The gene responsible for the size of a bird’s beak
The gene responsible for the length of a fox’s tail
The gene responsible for the color of stripes on a cat
The gene responsible for the spots on a dog’s back
The gene responsible for a person’s shoe size
Phenotype is simply the expression of information within a gene. It is the visible or observable expression of the results of genes, combined with the environmental influence on an organism’s appearance or behavior. In other words…
It is the expression of gene information, observable with the senses (like the sound of a bird’s chirping or the color of a cat’s hair)
Phenotype can be determined by mere, simple observation.
Both environmental influence and one’s genes can result in a particular phenotype.
Only the observable traits of an organism are described by the term "phenotype."
Phenotype is not an inherited trait – only the genes that may cause that phenotype are.
Examples of phenotype:
Eye color
Hair color
Height
The sound of your voice
Certain types of disease
Certain behaviors
The size of a bird’s beak
The length of a fox’s tail
The color of the stripes on a cat
The size and shape of the spots on a dog’s back
An individual’s shoe size
Diploid
Haploid
Cerebellum – Responsible for the controlling of muscles movements, balance, and coordination.
Surfactant – Slippery consistency in the lungs that prevents the alveoli walls from sticking together.
Red blood cells – shuttle oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body. These cells are packed with hemoglobin molecules and lack nucleus and other organelles.
White blood cells – come in different varieties and are essential components of immune system functions. It removes toxins, wastes, and damaged cells throughout the body.
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms. There are many types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic pathogens. Pathogens are said to be contagious when they spread from one organism to the other. When a pathogen finds a tissue inside the body that will support it's growth, it is said to infectious.
Parasites – Organisms that obtain nutrients and shelter required for growth and development from a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of the host.
Bacteria – diverse group of tiny, single celled prokaryotic organisms. Like other prokaryotes they lacj a nucleus.
Plasmids – DNA that is separate from the chromosomes.
Binary fission – bacteria reproduce. Single bacterial parent cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.
Prions – a normal occurring protein produced by brain cells that, when misfolded, cause spongiform
Types of bacteria:
(bacilli) rod shaped
(cocci) spherical
(spirochetes) spiral
Cellular Respiration process:
Glycolysis – takes place in the cytoplasm. product then enters the mitochondria
Kreb's Cycle – (Citric Acid Cycle) series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria
Electron Transport Phosphorylation - (ETC) requires oxygen takes place in the mitochondria
BIO 100 UNIT 11 PRACTICE TEST
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The hypothesis of gradualism suggests that:
a. there's been no change in life on Earth.
b. there's been gradual and steady change in life on Earth.
c. life in the water has evolved more quickly than life on land.
d. there have been short periods of dramatic evolutionary change separated by long periods of no change.
2. How are human fossils classified into species?
a. by differences in DNA
b. by differences in diet
c. by differences in skin color
d. by differences in the skeleton
3. What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation?
a. Members of one group don't want to mate with other groups.
b. Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups.
c. Members of one group produce hybrid offspring with other groups.
d. A group is extinct.
4. Traits like reduced body hair in many native North American and Asian populations are most likely not the result of sexual selection.
a. True
b. False
5. Nose shape of humans is correlated with the ________ in the air to which the group is adapted.
a. pressure
b. particles
c. moisture (humidity)
d. temperature
6. You wish to study interspecies mating (mating between two different species). Which of the following would be the best mating pair to study?
a. Two different domesticated dog species, such as a Great Dane and a poodle
b. a lion and a leopard
c. a human native to Africa and a human native to Australia.
d. a human native to Africa and a human native to South America.
7. In a population of beetles, 75% have green legs. The “G” allele for green legs is dominant over the “g” allele for blue legs. What are the phenotype frequencies in this population of beetles?
a.
green = 19% and blue = 81%
b. green = 81% and blue = 19%
c. green = 25% and blue = 75%
d. green = 75% and blue = 25%
8. Which individuals have the greatest fitness in an area where malaria is common?
a. Individuals of any genotype who become infected with malaria before the age of five.
b. Individuals homozygous for the sickle cell anemia allele.
c. Individuals homozygous for the normal allele.
d. Individuals heterozygous for the normal and sickle cell anemia alleles.
9. Gamete incompatibility has what result?
a. sex organs are not compatible
b. sperm and egg are unable to bind
c. timing of readiness to reproduce is different
d. ritual behaviors the prepare for mating are different
10. Traits acted on by sexual selection: a. always increase fertility.
b. occur mostly in females.
c. sometimes appear to have no relation to fitness.
d. occur in plants but not in animals.
11. Which of the following is a prefertilization barrier?
a. hybrid inviability
b. gamete incompatibility
c. hybrid sterility
12. Which of the following is a postfertilization barrier?
a. mechanical isolation
b. hybrid …show more content…
inviability
c. gamete incompatibility
d. temporal isolation
13. Apple maggot flies appear to be two separate races. What makes these races different?
a. They look different.
b. They eat different foods.
c. They have different allele frequencies.
d. They mate at different times.
14. When a founder population has a small gene pool, evolutionary change is more likely to be rapid than if the founder population has a large gene pool.
a. True
b. False
15. Which of the following is true concerning different human groups?
a. There are a few race-specific alleles but no consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
b. There are many race-specific alleles and several consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
c. There are a few race-specific alleles and several consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
d. There are no race-specific alleles and no consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
16. About how long have modern humans existed?
a. 20,000 years
b. 200,000 years
c. 2,000,000 years
d. 20,000,000 years
17. Your text states that there's a debate among paleontologists about whether H. sapiens evolved just once or several times. Which statement best describes this debate?
a. Half the paleontologists believe that H. sapiens evolved once, and the other half believes our species evolved multiple times.
b. Most data support one origin, but complete support hasn't been found, and some data are ambiguous.
c. African paleontologists believe H. sapiens evolved once, and European paleontologists believe in the multiple-origin hypothesis.
18. Fossil evidence shows that humans evolved just once from human ancestors in Africa.
a. True
b. False
19. The multiregional hypothesis has the most support and indicates that human groups have not been separated for long.
a. True
b. False
20. In the formula for genotype frequencies in a population, “p2 + 2pq” represents:
a. the proportion of individuals with the dominant phenotype in a population.
b. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
d. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
21. Mechanical isolation has what result?
a. sex organs are not compatible
b. sperm and egg are unable to bind
c. timing of readiness to reproduce is different
d. ritual behaviors the prepare for mating are different
22. One species of plant produces flowers when nights are 10 hours long. A related species comes into flower when nights are 9 hours long. This is an example of:
a. gamete incompatibility.
b. temporal isolation.
c. mechanical isolation.
d. behavioral isolation.
23. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used as part of population genetics. Which of the following would be considered a good population genetics question?
a. What is the probability that members of two groups will mate?
b. Is an allele the result of a mutation?
c. What will be the frequency of a particular allele in a future generation?
d. What is the genetic basis of racial categories?
24. In the formula for genotype frequencies in a population, “q2” represents:
a. the proportion of dominant alleles for a particular trait in a population.
b. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
d. the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
25. How does polyploidy cause reproductive isolation?
a. It changes the timing of reproduction.
b. It changes instructions for how to make reproductive anatomy.
c. It alters the number of chromosomes in sex cells.
d. It changes the kind of habitat an organism can live in.
26. Populations that are isolated from each other by distance or a barrier are known as sympatric.
a. True
b. False
27. In a population of moths, 19% have orange spots on their wings. The “A” allele for orange spots is dominant over the “a” allele for yellow spots. What are the allele frequencies in this population of moths?
a. A=0.9 and a=0.1
b. A=0.1 and a=0.9
c. A=.5 and a=.5
d. A=.75 and a=.25
28. What is the evolutionary origin of light skin in humans?
a. Light skin evolved 200,000 years ago in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe.
b. Light skin evolved several times in response to high ultraviolet light levels.
c. Light skin evolved several times in response to low ultraviolet light levels.
d. Light skin evolved several times in areas where there was no malaria.
29. Assortative matings have what effect on populations?
a. They cause one sex to be much different than the other.
b. They cause isolated groups to be more similar to each other.
c. They increase the rate of mutations.
d. They maintain appearance differences between groups.
30. You read that two populations of hyena are different subspecies. Which of the following would be true of the two populations?
a. One group would be much larger than the other group.
b. They can produce fertile offspring.
c. Their mating behavior would be quite different.
d. Their normal habitats are very far apart.
31. Based on the morphological species concept, two individuals are members of the same species if they:
a. interbreed and produce infertile, hybrid offspring.
b. have the same evolutionary lineages.
c. interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
d. have the same morphology
32. In the formula for allele frequencies in a population, “p” represents:
a. the proportion of recessive alleles for a particular trait in a population.
b. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of dominant alleles for a particular trait in a population.
d. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
33. Which of the following occurs after the creation of a new allele?
a. The gene pool becomes more diverse.
b. The gene pool becomes less diverse.
c. The gene pool fragments into smaller groups.
d. Reproductive isolation always occurs in the group where the mutation occurred.
34. Populations that change due to genetic drift: a. haven't really undergone evolutionary change, since the change is due to chance events.
b. have gone through convergence
c. have evolved.
d. will soon change back to the original form as a result of natural selection.
35. How does the distribution of alleles for the B blood type support the hypothesis that there are no biological races of humans?
a. All human groups show the same frequency of this allele.
b. A distinct frequency pattern of this allele is found in each human group.
c. A gradient of frequency of the allele is found from its origin in Asia outward to Europe.
d. There's no pattern with respect to frequency of this allele throughout Asia and Europe.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following levels would contain members that are the most similar to one another (the least amount of variation among members)?
a. class
b. kingdom
c. phylum
d. family
2. Evolution is a very controversial idea among both scientists and nonscientists.
a. true
b. false
3. In what family are humans classified?
a. hominidae
b. chordata
c. primates
d. Homo
4. What is the role of fossils in supporting the theory of common descent?
a. There are not enough fossils to support this theory.
b. There have been fossils of intermediate types (e.g., horses) discovered that provide strong support for the theory of common descent.
c. There are plenty of fossils to show that animals have evolved, but there are not enough fossils of human ancestors to suggest that humans are related to other animals.
d. Fossil evidence has been found to support the relationship between humans and other primates but only in Europe.
5. In a tree showing common descent, the branching points of the tree represent:
a. a modern species.
b. the origin of a new species from an ancestral form.
c. an extinct species.
d. a common ancestor of a group of modern species.
6. In studying a species of fish, a structure is discovered that has no apparent function. If this is a vestigial structure, what would you find in at least some relatives of this fish?
a. The structure should be absent.
b. The structure should be present and also have no function.
c. A similar structure should be present, but it would be larger and have a function.
d. The structure should be absent from fossils of ancestors of this species.
7. The most important reason that one can see evolution in a population of mosquitoes more easily than one can see evolution in a population of squirrels is because mosquitoes: a. have a shorter generation time.
b. are exposed to toxic chemicals.
c. feed on blood.
d. lay eggs rather than bear live young.
8. Which statement best describes the now-discredited hypotheses of Lamarck?
a. All life was created in the form we see today.
b. Modern life forms are the descendants of past individuals who were the most fit.
c. Organisms acquire traits during their lifetime and pass those traits on to their offspring.
d. Earth is extremely old and has undergone many changes.
9. The person who also proposed a mechanism for evolution similar to Darwin’s natural selection was:
a. Charles Lyell.
b. Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
c. Alfred Russel Wallace.
d. Anaximander.
10. Which of the following levels would contain members that are the least similar to one another (the highest amount of variation among members)?
a. class
b. genus
c. phylum
d. family
11. Which of the following groupings are in correct order from broadest to most narrow?
a. kingdom, species, genus
b. class, order, family
c. family, order, class
d. phylum, kingdom, genus
12. Which of the following is a correct rule for writing scientific names?
a. scientific names are always in english or german
b. the entire scientific name should be capitalized
c. scientific names should always include three things: the family, genus, and species
d. scientific names are italicized to distinguish them from other kinds of terms
13. According to the theory of common descent, each species on Earth today should: a. look very similar to all other species.
b. not have ancestors in common with members of other species.
c. have a single ancestor in common.
d. have evolved separately from different ancestors.
14. The common ancestor of all life must have had genes for all traits now present in animals today.
a. true
b. false
15. In what order are humans classified?
a. mammalia
b. animalia
c. chordata
d. primates
16.
The DNA of cats and dogs is much more similar than the DNA of cats and hamsters. Why is that?
a. Cats and dogs have lived together with humans for a longer period of time, so they have grown more similar.
b. Cats and dogs are both carnivores and thus take in similar nutrients.
c. Cats and dogs have a common ancestor that is more recent than the common ancestor of cats and hamsters.
d. The ancestors of cats and the ancestors of dogs evolved in similar environments.
17. Which of the following pairs of organisms would most likely be considered to be the same species?
a. two individuals that look similar and produce fertile offspring
b. two individuals that look very different and do not appear to mate with one another
c. two individuals that look very similar, but produce infertile offspring
d. two individuals that look very different and fight with one another
18. The presence of a tailbone in humans and other primates without tails is an example of a(n) ________ trait.
a. homologous
b. biogeographical
c. vestigial
d. Linnaean
19. Which of the following shows events in the proper order to reflect how natural selection works?
a. A louse population evolves resistance to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice become more common in
schoolchildren.
b. Louse populations become more common in schoolchildren; some lice are resistant to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice resistant to permethrin become the most common type.
c. Permethrin resistance is common is lice; permethrin is used to kill lice; most lice become sensitive to permethrin.
d. Permethrin is used to kill lice; individual lice change in order to survive exposure to permethrin; most lice become resistant to permethrin.
20. Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?
a. Humans evolved from primate ancestors.
b. Insect pests have become more resistant to insecticides.
c. HIV evolved resistance to antiviral medications.
d. Bacteria have become more resistant to penicillin.
21. Based on what we observe with sediment deposition, it would be expected that:
a. amphibian and reptile fossils would be found closest to the surface.
b. fossils of fishes would be found closest to the surface.
c. fossils of the most recently evolved vertebrates (e.g., birds and mammals) would be closer to the surface than other more distant vertebrate groups.
d. fossils of the most recently evolved vertebrates (e.g., birds and mammals) would be deeper in the ground than other more distant vertebrate groups, which we would find closer to the surface.
22. Which of the following observations of species distribution across Earth support the theory of common descent?
a. All continents contain nearly identical organisms.
b. Each part of Earth contains life forms perfectly designed for that region.
c. One can see similarities in organisms that are found in close proximity, but each population has adaptations that suit the organisms to their particular habitat.
d. There are very few similarities among life forms on different tropical islands.
23. Almost as much evidence exists to support the theory of transformation as the theory of common descent.
a. true
b. false
24. What was the original purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle?
a. to add to the general knowledge of the animals and plants on Earth
b. to gather physical evidence in support of the theory of evolution
c. to chart the coast and harbors of South America
d. to do experiments to test Lamarck's view of inheritance of acquired characteristics
25. Why were Darwin's ideas so widely accepted by scientists of his day?
a. He published his book soon after he returned to England and all his recollections were fresh in his mind.
b. Scientists had not been previously aware that small islands in the Pacific had so many life forms.
c. Darwin's ideas fit well with what most people already believed about evolution.
d. Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.
ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE
Ionic bond: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bond: A strong chemical bond in which to atoms share electrons.
Cell components (explain their functions):
Classification scheme of living organisms:
Enzymes (explain functions) :
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Active Transport:
Steps of cellular respiration:
How does the body grow and maintain itself?
The body is made up of tiny cells - for example, skin cells, muscle cells, heart cells, nerve cells, and bone cells. When a baby grows, the number of cells increases very quickly. A cell becomes a bit larger, then divides into 2 "daughter" cells (Figure 1). After a period of time, each of these …show more content…
cells divides, and so on.
Normal cell division. A cell grows a bit larger then divides into 2 cells. Once a child grows to adulthood, the size of the body no longer increases. However, our bodies go through a lot of wear and tear, both inside and outside. Worn-out cells constantly need to be replaced, so cell division still takes place, but more slowly. An obvious "outside" change is the tiny bits of dead skin flaking off as the skin constantly renews itself.
Although our bodies' cells continue to divide to replace worn-out cells, this happens in a very ordered, systematic way. The reason is that each cell carries genetic instructions that regulate how fast the cell should grow and divide and when the cell should die. A balance between cells growing and dying keeps our bodies functioning normally.
When cell growth goes out of control
Cell growths can be classified as either benign or malignant.
Benign growths Sometimes a cell starts to grow without regard for the normal balance between cell growth and death, and a small, harmless (or benign), lump of cells will form. A benign growth can occur in any part of the body, including the prostate, skin, or intestine.
Malignant growths In other cases, a cell may grow and divide with complete disregard for the needs and limitations of the body. Cells that have this aggressive behaviour are called malignant. They have the potential to grow into large masses or spread to other areas of the body. More commonly, a mass of such cells is called a cancer. When clumps of these cells spread to other parts of the body, they are metastases. A cancer that continues to grow can eventually overwhelm and destroy the part of the body or particular organ where it is located. | Meiosis | Mitosis | Definition: | A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells. | A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell. | Function: | sexual reproduction | Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body | Type of Reproduction: | Sexual | Asexual | Occurs in: | Humans, animals, plants, fungi | all organisms | Genetically: | different | identical | Crossing Over: | Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur. | No, crossing over cannot occur. | Pairing of Homologues: | Yes | No | Number of Divisions: | 2 | 1 | Number of Haploid Daughter Cells produced: | 4 | 2 | Chromosome Number: | Reduced by half | Remains the same | Steps: | The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. | The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis | Karyokenesis: | Occurs in Interphase I | Occurs in Interphase | Cytokenesis: | Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II | Occurs in Telophase | Centromeres Split: | The centromeres do not separate during anaphase I, but during anaphase II | The centromeres split during Anaphase | Creates: | Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells | Makes everything other than sex cells | Discovered by: | Oscar Hertwig | Walther Flemming |
The four main tissues:
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature.
In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function. The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole.
Genotype is simply the information within a gene, or the genetic makeup of a specific organism. Genotype is determined by the makeup of something called "alleles," a word that refers to the form of a gene that produces different effects. Genotype can be said to be responsible for phenotype – that is, the genetic makeup of an organism results in some of the physical characteristics of that organism.
Genotype is the information contained within two alleles. Genotypes can only be determined by biological tests, not observations. Genotype is an inherited trait and hereditary information passed by the parents determines genotype. The entire genetic information about an organism is contained in a genotype – even those that are not expressed visually or otherwise.
Examples of genotype:
The gene responsible for eye color
The gene responsible for hair color
The gene responsible for height
The gene responsible for how your voice sounds
The gene responsible for certain diseases
The gene responsible for certain behaviors
The gene responsible for the size of a bird’s beak
The gene responsible for the length of a fox’s tail
The gene responsible for the color of stripes on a cat
The gene responsible for the spots on a dog’s back
The gene responsible for a person’s shoe size
Phenotype is simply the expression of information within a gene. It is the visible or observable expression of the results of genes, combined with the environmental influence on an organism’s appearance or behavior. In other words…
It is the expression of gene information, observable with the senses (like the sound of a bird’s chirping or the color of a cat’s hair)
Phenotype can be determined by mere, simple observation.
Both environmental influence and one’s genes can result in a particular phenotype.
Only the observable traits of an organism are described by the term "phenotype."
Phenotype is not an inherited trait – only the genes that may cause that phenotype are.
Examples of phenotype:
Eye color
Hair color
Height
The sound of your voice
Certain types of disease
Certain behaviors
The size of a bird’s beak
The length of a fox’s tail
The color of the stripes on a cat
The size and shape of the spots on a dog’s back
An individual’s shoe size
Diploid
Haploid
Cerebellum – Responsible for the controlling of muscles movements, balance, and coordination.
Surfactant – Slippery consistency in the lungs that prevents the alveoli walls from sticking together.
Red blood cells – shuttle oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body. These cells are packed with hemoglobin molecules and lack nucleus and other organelles.
White blood cells – come in different varieties and are essential components of immune system functions. It removes toxins, wastes, and damaged cells throughout the body.
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms. There are many types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic pathogens. Pathogens are said to be contagious when they spread from one organism to the other. When a pathogen finds a tissue inside the body that will support it's growth, it is said to infectious.
Parasites – Organisms that obtain nutrients and shelter required for growth and development from a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of the host.
Bacteria – diverse group of tiny, single celled prokaryotic organisms. Like other prokaryotes they lacj a nucleus.
Plasmids – DNA that is separate from the chromosomes.
Binary fission – bacteria reproduce. Single bacterial parent cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.
Prions – a normal occurring protein produced by brain cells that, when misfolded, cause spongiform
Types of bacteria:
(bacilli) rod shaped
(cocci) spherical
(spirochetes) spiral
Cellular Respiration process:
Glycolysis – takes place in the cytoplasm. product then enters the mitochondria
Kreb's Cycle – (Citric Acid Cycle) series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria
Electron Transport Phosphorylation - (ETC) requires oxygen takes place in the mitochondria
BIO 100 UNIT 11 PRACTICE TEST
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The hypothesis of gradualism suggests that:
a. there's been no change in life on Earth.
b. there's been gradual and steady change in life on Earth.
c. life in the water has evolved more quickly than life on land.
d. there have been short periods of dramatic evolutionary change separated by long periods of no change.
2. How are human fossils classified into species?
a. by differences in DNA
b. by differences in diet
c. by differences in skin color
d. by differences in the skeleton
3. What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation?
a. Members of one group don't want to mate with other groups.
b. Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups.
c. Members of one group produce hybrid offspring with other groups.
d. A group is extinct.
4. Traits like reduced body hair in many native North American and Asian populations are most likely not the result of sexual selection.
a. True
b. False
5. Nose shape of humans is correlated with the ________ in the air to which the group is adapted.
a. pressure
b. particles
c. moisture (humidity)
d. temperature
6. You wish to study interspecies mating (mating between two different species). Which of the following would be the best mating pair to study?
a. Two different domesticated dog species, such as a Great Dane and a poodle
b. a lion and a leopard
c. a human native to Africa and a human native to Australia.
d. a human native to Africa and a human native to South America.
7. In a population of beetles, 75% have green legs. The “G” allele for green legs is dominant over the “g” allele for blue legs. What are the phenotype frequencies in this population of beetles?
a.
green = 19% and blue = 81%
b. green = 81% and blue = 19%
c. green = 25% and blue = 75%
d. green = 75% and blue = 25%
8. Which individuals have the greatest fitness in an area where malaria is common?
a. Individuals of any genotype who become infected with malaria before the age of five.
b. Individuals homozygous for the sickle cell anemia allele.
c. Individuals homozygous for the normal allele.
d. Individuals heterozygous for the normal and sickle cell anemia alleles.
9. Gamete incompatibility has what result?
a. sex organs are not compatible
b. sperm and egg are unable to bind
c. timing of readiness to reproduce is different
d. ritual behaviors the prepare for mating are different
10. Traits acted on by sexual selection: a. always increase fertility.
b. occur mostly in females.
c. sometimes appear to have no relation to fitness.
d. occur in plants but not in animals.
11. Which of the following is a prefertilization barrier?
a. hybrid inviability
b. gamete incompatibility
c. hybrid sterility
12. Which of the following is a postfertilization barrier?
a. mechanical isolation
b. hybrid …show more content…
inviability
c. gamete incompatibility
d. temporal isolation
13. Apple maggot flies appear to be two separate races. What makes these races different?
a. They look different.
b. They eat different foods.
c. They have different allele frequencies.
d. They mate at different times.
14. When a founder population has a small gene pool, evolutionary change is more likely to be rapid than if the founder population has a large gene pool.
a. True
b. False
15. Which of the following is true concerning different human groups?
a. There are a few race-specific alleles but no consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
b. There are many race-specific alleles and several consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
c. There are a few race-specific alleles and several consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
d. There are no race-specific alleles and no consistent patterns of allele frequencies.
16. About how long have modern humans existed?
a. 20,000 years
b. 200,000 years
c. 2,000,000 years
d. 20,000,000 years
17. Your text states that there's a debate among paleontologists about whether H. sapiens evolved just once or several times. Which statement best describes this debate?
a. Half the paleontologists believe that H. sapiens evolved once, and the other half believes our species evolved multiple times.
b. Most data support one origin, but complete support hasn't been found, and some data are ambiguous.
c. African paleontologists believe H. sapiens evolved once, and European paleontologists believe in the multiple-origin hypothesis.
18. Fossil evidence shows that humans evolved just once from human ancestors in Africa.
a. True
b. False
19. The multiregional hypothesis has the most support and indicates that human groups have not been separated for long.
a. True
b. False
20. In the formula for genotype frequencies in a population, “p2 + 2pq” represents:
a. the proportion of individuals with the dominant phenotype in a population.
b. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
d. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
21. Mechanical isolation has what result?
a. sex organs are not compatible
b. sperm and egg are unable to bind
c. timing of readiness to reproduce is different
d. ritual behaviors the prepare for mating are different
22. One species of plant produces flowers when nights are 10 hours long. A related species comes into flower when nights are 9 hours long. This is an example of:
a. gamete incompatibility.
b. temporal isolation.
c. mechanical isolation.
d. behavioral isolation.
23. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used as part of population genetics. Which of the following would be considered a good population genetics question?
a. What is the probability that members of two groups will mate?
b. Is an allele the result of a mutation?
c. What will be the frequency of a particular allele in a future generation?
d. What is the genetic basis of racial categories?
24. In the formula for genotype frequencies in a population, “q2” represents:
a. the proportion of dominant alleles for a particular trait in a population.
b. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
d. the proportion of homozygous recessive individuals in a population.
25. How does polyploidy cause reproductive isolation?
a. It changes the timing of reproduction.
b. It changes instructions for how to make reproductive anatomy.
c. It alters the number of chromosomes in sex cells.
d. It changes the kind of habitat an organism can live in.
26. Populations that are isolated from each other by distance or a barrier are known as sympatric.
a. True
b. False
27. In a population of moths, 19% have orange spots on their wings. The “A” allele for orange spots is dominant over the “a” allele for yellow spots. What are the allele frequencies in this population of moths?
a. A=0.9 and a=0.1
b. A=0.1 and a=0.9
c. A=.5 and a=.5
d. A=.75 and a=.25
28. What is the evolutionary origin of light skin in humans?
a. Light skin evolved 200,000 years ago in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe.
b. Light skin evolved several times in response to high ultraviolet light levels.
c. Light skin evolved several times in response to low ultraviolet light levels.
d. Light skin evolved several times in areas where there was no malaria.
29. Assortative matings have what effect on populations?
a. They cause one sex to be much different than the other.
b. They cause isolated groups to be more similar to each other.
c. They increase the rate of mutations.
d. They maintain appearance differences between groups.
30. You read that two populations of hyena are different subspecies. Which of the following would be true of the two populations?
a. One group would be much larger than the other group.
b. They can produce fertile offspring.
c. Their mating behavior would be quite different.
d. Their normal habitats are very far apart.
31. Based on the morphological species concept, two individuals are members of the same species if they:
a. interbreed and produce infertile, hybrid offspring.
b. have the same evolutionary lineages.
c. interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
d. have the same morphology
32. In the formula for allele frequencies in a population, “p” represents:
a. the proportion of recessive alleles for a particular trait in a population.
b. the proportion of homozygous dominant individuals in a population.
c. the proportion of dominant alleles for a particular trait in a population.
d. the proportion of heterozygous individuals in a population.
33. Which of the following occurs after the creation of a new allele?
a. The gene pool becomes more diverse.
b. The gene pool becomes less diverse.
c. The gene pool fragments into smaller groups.
d. Reproductive isolation always occurs in the group where the mutation occurred.
34. Populations that change due to genetic drift: a. haven't really undergone evolutionary change, since the change is due to chance events.
b. have gone through convergence
c. have evolved.
d. will soon change back to the original form as a result of natural selection.
35. How does the distribution of alleles for the B blood type support the hypothesis that there are no biological races of humans?
a. All human groups show the same frequency of this allele.
b. A distinct frequency pattern of this allele is found in each human group.
c. A gradient of frequency of the allele is found from its origin in Asia outward to Europe.
d. There's no pattern with respect to frequency of this allele throughout Asia and Europe.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following levels would contain members that are the most similar to one another (the least amount of variation among members)?
a. class
b. kingdom
c. phylum
d. family
2. Evolution is a very controversial idea among both scientists and nonscientists.
a. true
b. false
3. In what family are humans classified?
a. hominidae
b. chordata
c. primates
d. Homo
4. What is the role of fossils in supporting the theory of common descent?
a. There are not enough fossils to support this theory.
b. There have been fossils of intermediate types (e.g., horses) discovered that provide strong support for the theory of common descent.
c. There are plenty of fossils to show that animals have evolved, but there are not enough fossils of human ancestors to suggest that humans are related to other animals.
d. Fossil evidence has been found to support the relationship between humans and other primates but only in Europe.
5. In a tree showing common descent, the branching points of the tree represent:
a. a modern species.
b. the origin of a new species from an ancestral form.
c. an extinct species.
d. a common ancestor of a group of modern species.
6. In studying a species of fish, a structure is discovered that has no apparent function. If this is a vestigial structure, what would you find in at least some relatives of this fish?
a. The structure should be absent.
b. The structure should be present and also have no function.
c. A similar structure should be present, but it would be larger and have a function.
d. The structure should be absent from fossils of ancestors of this species.
7. The most important reason that one can see evolution in a population of mosquitoes more easily than one can see evolution in a population of squirrels is because mosquitoes: a. have a shorter generation time.
b. are exposed to toxic chemicals.
c. feed on blood.
d. lay eggs rather than bear live young.
8. Which statement best describes the now-discredited hypotheses of Lamarck?
a. All life was created in the form we see today.
b. Modern life forms are the descendants of past individuals who were the most fit.
c. Organisms acquire traits during their lifetime and pass those traits on to their offspring.
d. Earth is extremely old and has undergone many changes.
9. The person who also proposed a mechanism for evolution similar to Darwin’s natural selection was:
a. Charles Lyell.
b. Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
c. Alfred Russel Wallace.
d. Anaximander.
10. Which of the following levels would contain members that are the least similar to one another (the highest amount of variation among members)?
a. class
b. genus
c. phylum
d. family
11. Which of the following groupings are in correct order from broadest to most narrow?
a. kingdom, species, genus
b. class, order, family
c. family, order, class
d. phylum, kingdom, genus
12. Which of the following is a correct rule for writing scientific names?
a. scientific names are always in english or german
b. the entire scientific name should be capitalized
c. scientific names should always include three things: the family, genus, and species
d. scientific names are italicized to distinguish them from other kinds of terms
13. According to the theory of common descent, each species on Earth today should: a. look very similar to all other species.
b. not have ancestors in common with members of other species.
c. have a single ancestor in common.
d. have evolved separately from different ancestors.
14. The common ancestor of all life must have had genes for all traits now present in animals today.
a. true
b. false
15. In what order are humans classified?
a. mammalia
b. animalia
c. chordata
d. primates
16.
The DNA of cats and dogs is much more similar than the DNA of cats and hamsters. Why is that?
a. Cats and dogs have lived together with humans for a longer period of time, so they have grown more similar.
b. Cats and dogs are both carnivores and thus take in similar nutrients.
c. Cats and dogs have a common ancestor that is more recent than the common ancestor of cats and hamsters.
d. The ancestors of cats and the ancestors of dogs evolved in similar environments.
17. Which of the following pairs of organisms would most likely be considered to be the same species?
a. two individuals that look similar and produce fertile offspring
b. two individuals that look very different and do not appear to mate with one another
c. two individuals that look very similar, but produce infertile offspring
d. two individuals that look very different and fight with one another
18. The presence of a tailbone in humans and other primates without tails is an example of a(n) ________ trait.
a. homologous
b. biogeographical
c. vestigial
d. Linnaean
19. Which of the following shows events in the proper order to reflect how natural selection works?
a. A louse population evolves resistance to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice become more common in
schoolchildren.
b. Louse populations become more common in schoolchildren; some lice are resistant to permethrin; permethrin is used to kill lice; lice resistant to permethrin become the most common type.
c. Permethrin resistance is common is lice; permethrin is used to kill lice; most lice become sensitive to permethrin.
d. Permethrin is used to kill lice; individual lice change in order to survive exposure to permethrin; most lice become resistant to permethrin.
20. Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?
a. Humans evolved from primate ancestors.
b. Insect pests have become more resistant to insecticides.
c. HIV evolved resistance to antiviral medications.
d. Bacteria have become more resistant to penicillin.
21. Based on what we observe with sediment deposition, it would be expected that:
a. amphibian and reptile fossils would be found closest to the surface.
b. fossils of fishes would be found closest to the surface.
c. fossils of the most recently evolved vertebrates (e.g., birds and mammals) would be closer to the surface than other more distant vertebrate groups.
d. fossils of the most recently evolved vertebrates (e.g., birds and mammals) would be deeper in the ground than other more distant vertebrate groups, which we would find closer to the surface.
22. Which of the following observations of species distribution across Earth support the theory of common descent?
a. All continents contain nearly identical organisms.
b. Each part of Earth contains life forms perfectly designed for that region.
c. One can see similarities in organisms that are found in close proximity, but each population has adaptations that suit the organisms to their particular habitat.
d. There are very few similarities among life forms on different tropical islands.
23. Almost as much evidence exists to support the theory of transformation as the theory of common descent.
a. true
b. false
24. What was the original purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle?
a. to add to the general knowledge of the animals and plants on Earth
b. to gather physical evidence in support of the theory of evolution
c. to chart the coast and harbors of South America
d. to do experiments to test Lamarck's view of inheritance of acquired characteristics
25. Why were Darwin's ideas so widely accepted by scientists of his day?
a. He published his book soon after he returned to England and all his recollections were fresh in his mind.
b. Scientists had not been previously aware that small islands in the Pacific had so many life forms.
c. Darwin's ideas fit well with what most people already believed about evolution.
d. Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.