Chapter 5 The Structure And Function Of Large Biological Molecules Outline

Classes of Organic Molecules
The Molecules of Life
-the critically important large molecules of all living things fall into 4 main classes:
1) _____________________
2) _____________________
3) _____________________
4) _____________________
-macromolecules are ____________________, built from _____________________
-________________: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical ______________ blocks linked by __________________ bonds
-___________________: smaller molecules that serve as the ________________ blocks for a polymer
-________________________ reaction: synthesizing a polymer using ___________________
-involves release of a ____________________ molecule
-___________________: breaking down a polymer
-involves addition of a _____________________ molecule
-___________________: specialized macromolecules that __________________ chemical reactions
4 major classes of organic molecules
1. _____________________ (CH2O)
-_______________ of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
-basic ratio of elements in a carbohydrate: for every ____ you have 2 ____ and 1 _____
-types of carbohydrates:
-______________________: _____ sugar
-e.g. ________________ (C6H12O6)
-most monosaccharide will not have more than 6 C

-_______________________: _____ sugars
-consisted of two monosaccharides (identical or different) connected by a _______________ linkage
-e.g. ________________ (glucose + glucose)
-produced through ____________________ reactions
-________________________: ____________ sugars
-polymers with a few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
-functions vary:
-_______________ material
-__________________ into monosaccharides if needed (provide ____________ for the cell)
-serve has ________________ material for __________________ that protect the cell

Types of polysaccharides
-__________________polysaccharides
-in plants, the storage sugar is ____________ (a polymer of glucose monomers) as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include ___________________
-synthesizing starch enables the plant to save up _________________________
-starch=“______________________”
-the sugar can later be withdrawn from this carbohydrate through _______________, which cleaves the bonds between the _________________ monomers
-most of the glucose monomers are joined by ________________ glycosidic linkages
-in animals, the storage sugar is _________________ (a ___________ of glucose monomers)
-humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in _________ and ___________ cells
-______________ of glycogen in these cells ____________ glucose when the demand for sugar ___________________

-____________________polysaccharides: where organisms build strong materials
-_______________: a polymer of glucose that makes up a ________ portion of the cell wall in plant cells -cellulose molecules tend to _____________ together
-______________ structure to starch with a major difference  the glucose monomers are joined by
________ glycosidic linkage
-affect the _____ shapes of the molecule
-starch: _____________
-cellulose: _________________________
-due to the difference in the ____________, enzymes that break down starch are ______________ to break down cellulose
-_____________: a polymer of ____________ sugar
-used by anthropods (insects, crustaceans) to build their _____________________
-also found on the cell ______ of ______________
2. ________________
-organic molecules that are ______________________ in water  ___________________
-functions:
-___________________ components of cell membrane
-___________________ source
-lipids are defined by their ___________________ properties
-types of lipids:
-______________________
-hydrocarbon chain with a ___________________ group on _____ end
-carboxyl group is polar; however, the long hydrocarbon chain is nonpolar so the whole molecule behaves as __________________________

2 types:
-_________________ fatty acid: all carbons are single bonded; contain the ________________ number of
_________________ atoms attached to the carbons
-_________________ fatty acid: carries ____________ hydrogens due the presence of one or more
________________bonds
-required a _______________ temperature to become ________________
-______________________ (_______)
-a _______________ molecule with _____ fatty acid chains attached
-all triglycerides have the same _________ structure; however, there different ways to make a triglyceride (e.g. ___________________ and _________________ fatty acids)
-___________________________
-essential for cells because they make up _______________________
-a _________________ molecule with ____ fatty acid chains and a ________________ group attached
-additional smaller groups (usually _________________________nitrogen containing molecule) may be attached to the _________________ group to form a variety of ____________________
-the ________ functional groups (e.g. phosphate/glycerol) form the “________” portion and are water soluble (______________________)
-the ___________________ fatty acids form the “_______” portion and are water __________________
-the membranes are held together because of the polarity/nonpolarity and the fact that it is surrounded by
_______________
-________________
-____ carbon rings with various _______ groups
-_________ 6-sided rings and ______ 5-sided ring
-steroids are ___________________ because the rings are composed mainly ___ and ____
-e.g. ___________________, __________________ and testosterone
3. _________________
-account for more than _______ of the ________________ of most cells (______________ than carbohydrates and lipids)
-polymers of ______________________
-_______________________ chains  _________ molecules
-functions vary:
-___________________ (_______________ chemical reactions)
-defense (e.g. __________________)
-____________________ (_________________)
-__________________ proteins (__________/channel proteins)
-__________________ (e.g. actin and _______________)
-____________________/signaling (e.g. _________________)
-_______________/_________________ (e.g. ____________________)
-________________ (botulinum)
-amino acids (______ different amino acids used in biological protein)
-all share a ______________ set of structural features
-contain central _____ that is attached to:
-an _______________ group (NH2 or ______)
-_____________ group (COOH or ____________)
-hydrogen
-____ group (_______________ for each amino acid)

-the physical and chemical properties of the side chain determine the _____________ characteristic of a particular amino acid  affect its ___________________ role in a polypeptide
-amino acids are joined together by ______________________ bonds
-____________ bond: bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the __________ end of the other amino acid (_____________ is released)
-amino end of a proteins is the _________________; carboxyl end of a protein is the ________________
Protein Structure and Function
-when a cell __________________ a polypeptide, the chain generally folds spontaneously  _____________ for proper _____________________ of the protein
-a protein’s structure determines how it ____________
Four Levels of Protein Structure
-all proteins share 3 levels of structure, known as primary, secondary and ______________
-the ___________________ structure consists of _____ or more polypeptide chains
-_________________ Structure (10)
-____________________ sequence of a protein
-determines what the protein will ______________ and how it __________________
-the molecule is ___________:
-starts with an amino end and ends with a _______________ end
-affects all ____________________ levels
-e.g. a _______________ change in the primary structure can have a ___________ impact on the overall protein -__________________Structure (20)
-results from __________________ bonding involving the peptide backbone
-structures that has a ______________________ pattern
-two structures:
-___________________
-_________ that is repeated over and over
-___________________

-amino acid chain _________ back on itself a few times and makes a sheet (sheet gets folded sideways and gets pleated)
-both structures are __________________________ by hydrogen bonds
-_____ groups are _______ involved
-___________________ Structure (30)
-_____ pattern of folding (will fold up into a very specifically shape)
-the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from the interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the
__________________ acids
-R groups=_________________________or _____________________________ properties
-_________________________ interaction: as a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic (_________________) side chains usually end up in ______________ at the _________ of the protein (away from water environment)

-(hydrophilic amino acids will ______________ with one another or be on the surface to _________ with water) -_____________________bridges: covalent bonds that help __________________ protein (strong interaction) -form between ________________ containing amino acids (________________)
-____________________ Structure (40)
-______ found in all proteins
-proteins that are consist of _____________________ polypeptide chains aggregated into one _____________ macromolecule Denaturation and Renaturation
-can turn the molecules _____ and ______ by just changing the shape
-change in __________________(heat), _______, or _________ concentration and certain chemicals can cause proteins to ________________
-fold into an ________________ conformation
-e.g. cooking an egg  protein ___________________
-some denature proteins can be ____________________
-go back to an _____________ conformation (___________ form)
-___________________: protein molecules that _____________ in the proper folding of other proteins
-misfolded proteins can be a significant ___________________ for the cells
-__________  _____________________ spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow disease, scrapie, chronic wasting disease
-not caused by a _________, __________________ or fungus
4. _______________________
-polymers of _____________________
-____________________ chains (_________________ molecules)
-molecules with ends  ___________________________
-___________________: building _______________of nucleic acids
-all have:
-__________________ sugar (________________ or ____________________)
-____________________ group
-___________________ base
-5 types of bases separated into two families
-_____________ bases: contain one ________________ ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (may contain O)
-cytosine (C), ______________ (T), and uracil (U)
-_____________ bases: contain ____ rings-a ____-membered ring fused to a ____-membered ring
-adenine (A) and ________________ (G)
-both the base and phosphate are attached to the ____________________
-carbons on the sugar are labeled going ________________________
-base is attached to the ______ carbon (1’)
-phosphate is attached to the ______ carbon (5’)

-adjacent nucleotides are joined by a __________________________ bond
-forms between the _______________________group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another nucleotide -2 types of nucleic acids:
-________________________ Acid (DNA): the genetic material that organisms ___________ from their parents -_____________________ Acid (RNA): ___________________ molecule that is used to make proteins
-flow of information: _______  ________  ______________

DNA Structure
-made up of 4 nucleotides (_____________________)
-the sugar is __________________________
-____________________helix (2 strands)
-______________________ base pairing (___________________ bonds connect two strands together)
-A base pair with ____
-C base pair with ____
-the two strands of DNA are ______________________
-____ end: the end of the DNA chain that has a __________________ attached to a 5’ carbon
-____ end: the end of the DNA chain that has a __________________ group on the 3’ carbon
-the two strands of DNA run in opposite direction (e.g. 5’ of one strand align with 3’ of other strand)
-denaturation/______________________
-_________________ will cause the double stranded DNA to separate (break ____bonds) and denature
-will not break ______________________ bonds
-lower temperature will _______________ the two strands of DNA
RNA Structure
-made up of 4 nucleotides (___________________)
-__________ stranded
-convey the message from ______ to ______________
__________________________________
-major ______________ carrier in the cells (require by many cellular processes)