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Chemical Energetics

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Chemical Energetics
Chemical Energetics
All about enthalpy, calorimetry and the First Law of Thermodynamics
A Chem1 Reference Text
Stephen K. Lower • Simon Fraser University1

Contents
Part 1: Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part 2: Basic thermodynamics: what you need to know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Systems and surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Properties and the state of a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Heat and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The First Law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Pressure-volume work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Adiabatic and isothermal processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Reversible processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Part 3: Heat changes at constant pressure: the enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part 4: Molecules as energy carriers and converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chemical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
How molecules take up thermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Part 5: Energetics of chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Changes in enthalpy and internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Variation of the enthalpy with

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