More specifically, however, this experiment focused on the photo part of photosynthesis, or the light dependent reactions in chloroplasts. Light dependent reactions require the presence of light to function, so that this light can be taken to create ATP and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Consequently, light dependent reactions shut down in the absence of light, thereby stopping the production of ATP and NADPH (Sadava et al. 2012). With this information, an experimental hypothesis can be formed that the presence of light will cause the redox activity of the spinach chloroplasts to increase, while the absence of light will cause this activity to decrease. One possible null hypothesis could be that there will be no significant difference in redox activity between spinach chloroplasts that are under light and in the dark. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis must be that there will be a difference in this activity between the two groups of chloroplasts. To test these hypotheses, chloroplasts were extracted from spinach leaves in order to create enriched chloroplasts, which were a vital…
Photosynthesis is a process to which some autotrophs such as plants produce their own food. It has two stages or reactions light-dependent and light-dependent reactions. The light dependent reactions are the first stage, where energy from sunlight is captures in Photosystem 2 and then 1, the electrons generated in Photosystem 1 then moves along the electron transport chain. The moving of electrons causes a hydrogen ion gradient that is used in the final step to produce ATP, by the ATP Synthase. The equation for this reaction is 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6+6O2 or, carbon dioxide +water sugars + oxygen . This reaction takes place on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and uses energy from sunlight to produce compounds like ATP and NADPH. The second stage of photosynthesis is the Calvin Cycle, which takes place in the stoma of the chloroplast. This stage is light-independent or it does not need energy from sunlight. During this reaction ATP and NADPH from Stage 1are used to produce high energy sugars. The reaction is 3CO2 + 6NADPH + 5H2O + 9ATP G3P + 2H+ + 6NADP+ + 9ADP + 8Pi . Additionally, the three limiting factors of photosynthesis are the light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and the temperature. Lastly, the items used in this particular experiment were baking soda to provide CO2, a light to excite the electrons in stage 1, distilled…
In this study, we are interested in examining the effects of photosynthesis in spinach leaves in the presence of different light conditions. The light conditions that will be tested are no light, white light and green light. Therefore, we hypothesized that the O2 rate of consumption would occur more in the green light condition and CO2 rate of consumption would occur more in the no light condition.…
The purpose of this experiment is to see how different concentrations of carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis in spinach leaves.…
Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells by a process called chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen and nitrogen and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments. Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in plants. A molecule of chlorophyll a is located at the reaction center of the photo systems. The pigments collect light energy and send it to the reaction center. Carotenoids also protect the photosynthetic systems from damaging effects of ultraviolet light.…
Background: Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. This is what makes them seem colorful. Many things contain pigments including flowers, corals, and even skin. More important than their reflection of light is their ability to absorb certain wavelengths. Because pigments interact with light, they are very useful to autotrophs. These pigments help the user gain energy. Because pigments only absorb a narrow range of light, many different color pigments are needed to capture more of the sun’s energy. There are three basic classes of pigments which are chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. There are several kinds of chlorophyll and they are greenish pigments. The most important one is chlorophyll A which is very important in making photosynthesis possible. Carotenoids are red, orange or yellow pigments and phycobilins are water soluble pigments found in the cytoplasm. (www.berkely.edu)…
Four pigments are usually found in many leaves: carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Carotene is very soluble in the solvent used in the lab. Its molecules don’t form hydrogen bonds with cellulose, an important polysaccharide in cell walls used for support. Carotene makes a faint yellow to yellow-orange band. Xanthophyll is less soluble than carotene in the solvent.…
The objective of this study was to figure out how different light colors affected the rate of photosynthesis in spinach leaves. This was done by taking leaf disks, removing the CO2 and sinking them in beakers. One beaker filled with regular water, the other filled with a mixture of water and sodium bicarbonate. The beakers were then placed in front of the light sources and the amount of disks floating was recorded every minute. In our study the disks exposed to the red light started to float sooner than the…
DPIP will be used to determine the rate at which the cholorplasts are being reduced. The spectrophotometer will establish the wavelength of light that penitrats the chloroplast solution in turn determining the amount of electrons reduced. In the dark reactions, the spectrophotometer will measure the amount of light passing through a darker solution of DPIP and chloroplasts. In the light reactions, the lighter solution, caused by reduction of the chloroplasts, will allow a larger amount of light to pass through to the photocell of the spectrophotometer. Thus, the spectrophotometer will prove wheter the light or dark reactions affect the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts. We will also be using a reference solution made of water, phosphate buffer, and active chloroplasts. The purpose of this solution will be used to set the transmittance level for the experiment. The control solution, which is different than the reference solution, is comprised of water, phosphate buffer, and DPIP. It will be…
This experiment is concerned with identifying photosynthetic pigments found in spinach plants and determining the spectrum of light each absorbs. By using paper chromatography, different pigments of spinach leaves can be separated. The knowledge gained in this experiment is relevant to understanding how the process of photosynthesis works. A Real-world application for this includes the harvesting of clean energy sources, as scientific advances have led the way to artificial photosynthesis on the path to replace fossil fuels (Nath, 237).…
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are often mistaken as the same thing. Although they are similar in many ways, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the exact opposite of each other. Not figuratively, but literally the reverse (Photosynthesis). They incorporate the others products while adding some outside energy to create a never ending cycle. This brings us to the photochemical and biochemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In an ordinary photochemical reaction, carbon dioxide, water and light energy produce glucose and oxygen. These products transfer to the biochemical reaction, where light…
Photosynthesis is a crucial biological process that occurs within the chloroplasts of plant cells where CO2 + H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6 + O2. The chloroplasts use light, an electromagnetic energy source, to produce food for the plant in the form of sugar molecules. During photosynthesis, the excited electrons from the light pass through proteins in the electron transport chain (ETC), where ATP and NADPH are produced. The CO2 absorbed by the plant are then fixed into carbohydrates by these two organic molecules (Hoober 1984; Halliwell 1984). It is currently known that plants do not use every colour of the visible light spectrum when undergoing photosynthesis, and that the different wavelengths of light are absorbed by the chlorophyll at different rates. In green land plants, the blue and red lights are most readily absorbed by the cells, whereas green light is not easily absorbed (Roberts and Ingram 2001).…
The idea of state building is one that is important to empires, nations, and it is often on many powerful people’s minds. The period of state building that began with the Renaissance and continued into the so-called modern period has often been attributed to the invention of gunpowder. According to Rabb, “gunpowder warfare was the most unprecedented of the new circumstances that shaped the Renaissance.”1 This suggests that gunpowder was an entirely new technology that had no precedent and that changed the entire way European states interacted with one another. Gunpowder certainly played a role in the evolution of European states, but the change is certainly not as stark as Rabb would suggest and there are many more factors that lead to state bulding. There was an evolution of medieval warfare, politics, and economics that created the opportunity for the Renaissance era of state-building and without these evolving factors,…
In the year 2005, London ‘s Mayor Ken Livingston signed with the International Olympic Committee agreeing to have his city for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The contract signed is an impressive masterwork of micro-management. When a city or country receives their set of 33 “Technical Manuals”, they find it hard to store while it takes up more than four feet of bookshelf space. Also, to go along with its technical manual, London must comply with the Olympics terms. London must be able to designate 250 miles of dedicated traffic lanes for the select use of athletes along with Olympic families (Gross, 2012). Members of the Olympic Family must also have at their leisure at least 500 air-conditioned limousines with chauffeurs wearing special uniforms and caps. Even more, London must also set aside and pay for 40,000 hotel rooms. These hotel rooms must fit the requirements of 1,800 four and five star rooms for the I.O.C. and its associates for the entirety of the Olympic games. These are just some of the expenses that London has to pay and prepare for well in advance to the games.…
The Nokia Lumia is a series of smartphones from Nokia first introduced in November 2011, all of which use the Windows Phone operating system. The Lumia name is derived from the partitive plural form of the word Lumi which means snow in the Finnish language. The key unique selling point is its slogan “exploring the world” which clearly differentiate the product from its competitors.…