Chmistry Notes
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9.2 – Production of Materials:
Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Basic reactions to remember: – Acid reactions: ▪ acid + base [pic] salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) [pic]NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ▪ acid + metal [pic] salt + hydrogen gas HCl(aq) + Mg(s)[pic]MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) ▪ acid + carbonate [pic] salt + carbon dioxide gas + water HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)[pic] CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O ▪ acid + hydrogen carbonate [pic]salt + carbon dioxide gas + water (note: there is CO2 solid, its dry ice) – Complete combustion: ▪ hydrocarbon + oxygen [pic] water + carbon dioxide – Displacement reactions: ▪ Y + X (anion)[pic] X + Y (anion); where Y > X on activity series or Eo table. • Alkene/alkane reactions: – Cracking of pentane: ▪ pentane [pic] ethylene + propane ▪ C5H12 (g) [pic] C2H4 (g) + C3H8 (g) – Hydration of ethylene (the reverse can also happen known as de-hydration, where concentrated acid is used): ▪ ethylene + water [pic] ethanol ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) [pic] C2H5OH (l) – Hydrogenation of ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen [pic] ethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) [pic]C2H6 (g) – Hydrohalogenation (more specifically, Hydrofluorination) of ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen fluoride [pic] fluoroethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + HFl (g) [pic]C2H5Fl (g) – Reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water: ▪ cyclohexene + bromine water[pic] 2-bromo-1-cyclohexane ▪ C6H10 (l) + Br2 (aq) [pic] C6H10Br2 (aq) – Reaction of cyclohexane with bromine water (subsitution reaction, only under sunlight, that is UV light): ▪ C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) [pic]C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq)
• Fermentation and combustion of ethanol: – Fermentation of glucose: ▪ glucose [pic] ethanol + carbon dioxide ▪ C6H12O6 (aq) [pic] 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) ▪ Note: the yeast used is zymase
9.2 – Production of Materials:
Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Basic reactions to remember: – Acid reactions: ▪ acid + base [pic] salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) [pic]NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ▪ acid + metal [pic] salt + hydrogen gas HCl(aq) + Mg(s)[pic]MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) ▪ acid + carbonate [pic] salt + carbon dioxide gas + water HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)[pic] CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O ▪ acid + hydrogen carbonate [pic]salt + carbon dioxide gas + water (note: there is CO2 solid, its dry ice) – Complete combustion: ▪ hydrocarbon + oxygen [pic] water + carbon dioxide – Displacement reactions: ▪ Y + X (anion)[pic] X + Y (anion); where Y > X on activity series or Eo table. • Alkene/alkane reactions: – Cracking of pentane: ▪ pentane [pic] ethylene + propane ▪ C5H12 (g) [pic] C2H4 (g) + C3H8 (g) – Hydration of ethylene (the reverse can also happen known as de-hydration, where concentrated acid is used): ▪ ethylene + water [pic] ethanol ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) [pic] C2H5OH (l) – Hydrogenation of ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen [pic] ethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) [pic]C2H6 (g) – Hydrohalogenation (more specifically, Hydrofluorination) of ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen fluoride [pic] fluoroethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + HFl (g) [pic]C2H5Fl (g) – Reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water: ▪ cyclohexene + bromine water[pic] 2-bromo-1-cyclohexane ▪ C6H10 (l) + Br2 (aq) [pic] C6H10Br2 (aq) – Reaction of cyclohexane with bromine water (subsitution reaction, only under sunlight, that is UV light): ▪ C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) [pic]C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq)
• Fermentation and combustion of ethanol: – Fermentation of glucose: ▪ glucose [pic] ethanol + carbon dioxide ▪ C6H12O6 (aq) [pic] 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) ▪ Note: the yeast used is zymase