Clonic Seizure Research Paper

Seizures defined as…
It is a neurologic disorder and is occur as a result of disruption in nerve cell activity in the brain causing seizure or unusual behavior, sensation and sometime loss on consciousness.

Type of seizure:
1. Focal seizures: there is disruption in one area of brain.
A. Simple partial seizure.
B. Complex partial seizure.

2. Generalized seizure: there is disruption in all area of brain.
A. Absence seizure.
B. Tonic seizure.
C. Atonic seizure.
D. Clonic seizure.
E. Myoclonic seizure.
F. Toni-Clonic seizure.

Symptoms:
It’s varies depend on type of seizure. o Temporary confusion o Staring spell o Uncontrollable jerking movement of the arms and legs o Loss of consciousness o Psychic symptoms
Causes:
o Genetic
influence o Head trauma o Brain condition o Infectious disease o Prenatal injury o Developmental disorder

Treatment:
Doctors prescribe one anti-seizure drug at lower dose and gradually higher the dose or add another drug until he controls the seizure. Surgery is the last choice if the medicine failed to control the seizure.
Anti-seizures drugs: o Ca-channel modulator: Levetiracetam. o AMPA receptor antagonist: perampanel. o Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: acetazolamide. o GABA analogs: pregabalin, Gabapentin, progabide, vigabatrin. o Carboxamides: Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine. o GABA reuptake inhibitor: Tiagabine. o K-channel opener: Ezogabine. o NMDA receptor blocker: Felbamate, Phenytoin, Lamotrigine. o Valproic acid o Succinimides: Ethosuximide.
o Sulfonamides: Zonisamide o Benzodiazepine: Lorazepam, Diazepam, Clonazepam. o Barbiturates: phenobarbital, primidone. o Sulfamate-substitute monosaccharides: Topiramate.
Consequences of drug interaction with anti-seizures drugs:
- Carbamazepine and Norco (acetaminophen/ hydrocodone)… carbamazepine will decrease hydrocodone blood level and this will decrease effectiveness of hydrocodone, also it may cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as runny nose, water eyes, sneezing, excessive sweating, fever, chill, flushing, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, depression, pupil dilation. In some situation, the doctor may prescribe the two drugs but with adjustment dose, so if the patient stops the carbamazepine without the dose readjustment it will lead to hydrocodone overdose due to increase the blood level of hydrocodone.
Carbamazepine and acetaminophen together will lead to serious side effect of acetaminophen that affect the liver.

- Diazepam and propoxyphene: It will increase serious side effect of propoxyphene for example, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, impairment in thinking, judgment, motor coordinator and in some cases
death.

- Gabapentin and levomethadyl acetate: if you using the both drugs together you will increase the serious side effect such as, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, depression, Hypotension, slow or shallow breathing, impairment in thinking, motor coordinator and in severe reaction may lead to coma and death.

- Valproic acid and sodium phenylacetate: using the both drug together will reduce effectiveness of sodium phenylacetate and increase ammonia blood level.
- Phenobarbital and phentanyl: using both drug together may lead to decrease blood level of phentanyl which lead to decrease effectiveness of phentanyl to treat the pain. Also you may have unpleasant side effect such as water eyes, runny nose, sneezing, anxiety, goose bumps, fever, chill, restlessness, irritability, depression, tremor, tachycardia, pupil dilation, body aches, involuntary twitching, abdominal cramping, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss. If your doctor prescribes the both drugs together and you stop taken the phenobarbital this will lead to increase phentanyl blood level which lead to overdose.

- Ethosuximide and buprenorphine: using the both drugs together will lead to dangerous side effect such as respiratory distress, coma and death.

- The consequences of drug interaction with anti-seizure drugs is either decrease the blood level of one drug that lead to less effectiveness or increase the blood level of another drug that lead to overdose and toxicity or increase serious side effect of the both drugs which in some cases may lead to coma and eventually death.