Ron Clark describes situational crime prevention as ‘a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simple on reducing opportunities for crime’. He identifies three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention, firstly that they are directed at specific crimes, that they involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime and lastly that they aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards. For example, ‘target hardening’ measures such as increased surveillance in shops via CCTV or security guards increases the effort a shoplifter needs to make. Underlying situation crime prevention approaches is an rational choice theory. This is the view that criminals act rationally, weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it. This contrasts with theories that stress ‘root causes’ such as capitalist exploitation. Clarke argues that most theories offer no realistic solutions to crime. The most obvious things to do, he argues, is to focus on the immediate crime situation, since this is where possibility for prevention is greatest. Most crime is opportunistic, so we need to reduce the opportunities.…
Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) | |Public order Offences |indecent behaviour, offensive language |Summary Offences Amendment Act 1997 (NSW)…
This essay will attempt to explain a crime chosen from an article by applying a criminological theory. The article chosen is ‘Girl in critical condition after fire that killed mother and siblings’. The writer of the article describes the events of a suspected arson attack that killed five members of the family after their home was set alight. The article then mentions another suspected arson incident that caused damage to a car belonging to a family living opposite the victims, which appears to have been set alight at the same time (The Guardian, 2012). The theory that will be applied to this article in an attempt to explain arson is Merton’s strain theory.…
A prosecutor is a law enforcement official who is the chief legal representative in the court systems in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecutor is responsible for representing the state, in presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law.…
A more accurate measurement of crime victimization, I believe, is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). It states it directly in the name the purpose of the survey. Information that is collected in the NCVS is nonfatal personal crimes, property and vehicle crimes all reported and not reported to law enforcement, where the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) only contains information reported to law enforcement. The NCVS collects information about the offender such as, sex, age, race and Hispanic origin as well as the victim-offender relationship. It also includes the nature of the injury, if any weapons were used, where it occurred, additionally if the crime was reported to the police and the victims experience with criminal justice system.…
Victim facilitation is when “victims unknowingly, carelessly, negligently and inadvertently make it easier for the offender to commit a theft” (Karmen, n.d.). Victim precipitation “is a criminology theory that analyzes how a victim's interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being committed” (McKenna, n.d.). Victim provocation “occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act” (Sage, 2016, p. 3). The comparison to these three is the fact that every one of them has a victim of varying degrees. Victim facilitation, victim precipitation, and victim provocation all fall under victimology which studies the “physical, emotional, and financial harm people endure because of illegal activities”…
National Crime Prevention Council. (2006). Crime Prevention History and Theory [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.ncpc.org/training/powerpoint-trainings/crime-prevention-history-and-theory.ppt.…
Agnew, R., (2006b), “Storylines As A Neglected Cause Of Crime”, Journal of Research in Crme and Delinquency, Vol.43, p.119-147.…
Their type of crime data has been ongoing since 1973 and their latest data available id from 2015. Collection is conducted by the U.S Census Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). They collect data by multi-stage cluster sampling; compile a stratified group, sample, and sub sample the set. Data is obtained from a nationally representative sample, approximately 90,000 households and nearly 160,000 persons participate voluntarily. Those who agree to participate are asked about characteristics and consequences of criminal victimization in the United States.…
The research findings prove our understanding of the Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory. We understand that there are certain lifestyle choices and activities that can increase your victimization risk. In order to not be a target or to decrease your chance of victimization, those lifestyles should not be chosen. For example, don’t walk alone at night in an area that is known to be unsafe. Do not knowingly make yourself a target for a motivated offender. By following common sense and the…
In the United States today more woman than men are a target of violence and other forms of crimes. In the specific requirements of the victims assistance programs is to ensure the protection of the victims and the families of the crime committed. One main support an individual must acquire to learn about is the quality the programs endure to sponsor such altercations of the violent crimes committed. The protection from the justice system all the way down to the counselors of the programs is to guide each person to accomplishments of his or her life.…
A critical issue facing criminologists involves recognizing political and social consequences. Often, criminologists forget the social responsibility they have as experts in areas such as crime and justice. The lives of millions of people can be influenced by criminological research data.…
Anybody is able to commit a crime or become a victim to a criminal offence. Gender is a significant factors to consider when analysing crime and victimization. In order to critically understand the reasons behind crime and victimization you must be able to recognise and analyse the influencing factors. This essay will focus on a few of the central arguments which include criminal behaviour of men and women, feminist criminology, hegemonic masculinity and gender victimization of sexual abuse.…
Identifications of victims is an issue service providers and law enforcement struggle with daily. Trafficking is very much a hidden crime, meaning most individuals could not identify a trafficking victim, even if they lived in their own community. There is only very recently increased awareness of trafficking, its victims, how to identify them, and how to treat them. According to Heather Clawson and Nicole Dutch, trafficking victims are kept isolated with no freedom and very little movement. Any and all contact with the outside world is controlled by the trafficker, making victims dependent on them for everything (2008). Fear is a huge factor in keeping victims hidden from the rest of the world. Victims fear the…
The National Crime Victimization Survey currently provides the most detailed data on rape and sexual assault and identifies it as a forced sexual intercourse in which the victim may be either male or female and the offender may be of the same sex or a different sex than the victim. In nearly two out of three rape and sexual assault incidents reported by victims over the age of 12, the offender was not a stranger (Rand, 2009). So, it is probable that in most cases the offender and victim had a previous relationship or knew each other. Rape occurs much more frequently in urban areas and typically weapons are not used.…