Comparative Social Pp
Comparative Social System
Society:
Several Conditions must be met before people can be said to be living in one societyFirst- They must occupy a common territory.
Second- They must not only share this territory but must also interact with one other.
Third- They must to some extent have a common culture and a shared sense of membership in and commitment to the same group.
So, we may say then, that a Society is a group of interacting individual, sharing the same territory and participating in a common culture.
Comparative Social System
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Types of Societies:
Hunting and Gathering societies
Postarial societies
Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies
Industrial societies
Comparative Social System
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Elements/Components of Social Structure:
Statuses
Roles
Groups
Institutions
Social Structure refers to the organized relationships between the basic components in a social system.
1.Statuses:
A Society consists ultimately of individuals Such as women, teacher, son , old person, doctor, and so on.
Comparative Social System
2.Roles: Athletic teams Classmates Student
Librarians
Faculty members
Administrations officials
Teacher
Figure: The statues of student carry with it a number of different roles
Comparative Social System
3. Groups: A. Primary groups:
A primary group consists of a small number of people who interact with each other, a relatively long period on an intimate, face to face basis.
B. Secondary groups:
A Secondary group consists of a number of people who interact on a temporary and impersonal basis. 4.Institutions:
1 .Cultural Institutions
2. Economic Institutions
3. Sports Institutions
4. Educational Institutions and so on.
Comparative Social System
• Difference between Pre-industrial & Industrial Society:
• Nature
Pre-industrial Society
Industrial Society
• Community Size Typically Small ( Village) Typically large ( cities)
• Social Relationship
• Division of labor
• Statuses
Mostly Primary ( Personal, intimate)
Relatively little, according to age and sex
Mostly ascribed
• Culture
Future oriented, Secular
Homogeneous, most people share similar values.
• Technology
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Complex
Mostly informal, relying on spontaneous community reaction Often formal, relying on laws, police and courts.
• Values Tradition oriented, religious
• Social Change
A great deal, according to quality
Some ascribed , but many achieved
• Social structure Relatively simple
• Social Control
Mostly Secondary ( Impersonal, anonymous)
Primitive, based mainly on human and animal power
Slow Rapid
Heterogeneous; many subcultures hold different values.
Advanced, based on mainly on a machines.
Comparative Social System
• Family:
• “The family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.” -----R.M Maciver and C.H Page
• “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children.” ------ Prof. F. Nimcoff (Book:
Marriage & Family)
• “Family is a group of persons whose relations to one another d are based upon consequently and who are therefore kin to another.” ----- Burgess and rocke
Comparative Social System
• Functions of the Family:
– Regulation of social Behavior
– Replacement of members
– Socialization
– Care and Protection
– Education
– Social placement
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Family:
– Universality
– Emotional Basis
– Formative influence
– Limited Size
– Nuclear position in the social structure
– Responsibility of members
– Social Regulation
– Its Permanent and Temporary Nature
Comparative Social System
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Universality:
It is formal in all society, at all stages of social development.
Emotional Basis:
It is based on a complex of the most profound impulses of our organic nature, those of mating, procreation, material devotion and parental care.
Formative influence:
It is the earlier social environment of all higher forms of life, including man, and the profoundest formative influence in the awakening lives of which it is the source. ( Maciver & C.H. Page)
Limited Size:
It is of necessity a group very limited in size. It is defined by biological conditions which it cannot transcend without losing its identity.
Nuclear Position in the Social Structure:
It is the nucleus of other Social organization. Frequently in the simpler societies.
Responsibility of members:
It makes continuous and greater demands on its members than any other association is want to do.
Social Regulation:
It is peculiarly guarded both by social taboos and by legal regulation which rigidly prescribe its form.
Its Permanent and Temporary Nature:
Comparative Social System
Social Change:
• Social Change:
• “Social Change is the alternation in patterns of social structure, social institutions and social behavior over time.”
• Although some societies are more resistant to change than others. But the nature, rate and direction of change differ greatly from one society to another.
• “Social Change is meant only such alteration as occur in social organization that is the structure and functions of the Society.” ----- Prof. Kingsley Davis
• “The Social Change means the change in Social Structure e.g. the size of the
Society. The composition or branch of its parts or the type of its organization. The term Social Changes must also include changes in attitudes or beliefs is so far as they sustain institutions and change with them.” ----- Morris Ginsburg.
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Change:
1. Desirable Social Change
2. Undesirable Social Change
Others:
• Natural Social Change
• Planned Social Change
Comparative Social System
Causes of Social Change:
– Natural Disaster
– Population
– Industrialization & Urbanization
– Awareness of people
– Education
– Political cause
– Economical
– Social perform and Social movement
– New law and correction of old law
– Technological Invention
– Social unstablishment
– Cultural disorder
– War
– Others
Comparative Social System
Sources of Change:
– The Physical Environment
– Ideas
– Technology
– Population
– Events
– Cultural Innovation
1.Discovery
2. Invention
3.Diffusion
– Human action
1.Powerful leaders and individuals
2. The collective behavior of large number of people
Comparative Social System
• Physical Environment: Sever earthquake, floods, volcanic eruptions or drought may cause changes in population structure. • Ideas: Capitalism, Socialism, Muslim ,Hinduism, Revolution
• Technology: Industrialization, Urbanization
• Population: Size of population , Quality of population
• Events: Existing Social
• Cultural Innovation:
a.Discovery: To know existing
b. Invention: New
c. Diffusion: Explanation
• Human action:
a.Powerful leadership, Visionary leadership and individuals.
b.The collective behavior of large number of people.
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Comparative Social System
Crime /As a Social disorder:
• “A Crime is an act of omission or commission prohibited by law and for which violation the low avoids some penalty or sanction” ----------Hamza Hossoin
• “Crime is an act or default which tends to the prejudice of the community and forbidden by the law or pain of punishment inflicted at the suit of the state” ------- Abram
• “Crime may be defined as behavior that is prohibited by governmental authority and that can be punished through the application of formal sanctions.” Crime and Deviance: A search for an alternative explanation
Comparative Social System
• Types of Crime:
• According to British Law
– Loss Crime ( Person to Person)
– Great Crime ( Impact on Society)
– Anti State Crime ( Against on state law)
• Causal Crime:
– Economical Crime
– Social Crime
– Sexual Crime
– State Crime
– Physiological Crime
• According to Pattern/ Nature:
– As usual crime
– Happening Crime
– Political Crime
– White color Crime
Source: Criminology by Howkell ( 1974- P11)
Comparative Social System
• More or less there are three types of Crime. Such as------------– Crimes against persons
– Crimes against property
– Crimes against morality
• Others
– Professional Crime
They play their crime carefully
They hated by the society for their crime
– Organized Crime: based on Gang
– White color Crime: Out of Control
– Political Crime
– Corporate Crime
– Juvenile delinquency crime
Comparative Social System
Causes of Crime:
– Biological View
– Physiological View
– Economical View
– Sociological View
Comparative Social System
Causes of Crime in BD:
1.Social Causes:
– Family life
– Social Environment
– Security
– Weak Education System
– Illiteracy
– Weak/Loose social controlling system.
– Descries of Religion fear
– Influence of bad culture
– Lack of fulfill of Natural Wish
– Continuous development of civilization
– Genetically
– Lack of justice in the society
– Harmful publication
– Drug taking/Intoxicant
– Dowry System
– Jail system
Comparative Social System
2.Economical Causes:
– Poverty
– Unemployment
– Over material
– Industrialization & Urbanization
– Population density
– Food collection
– Lac of Recreation
Comparative Social System
3.Relation with different life style
4.Geographical causes
5.Physical Causes
6.Mental Causes
Comparative Social System
Proposals to remove Crime Tendency in BD:
– Create Expectable environment
– Lack of Employment
– Need Sound distribution system
– Manage the social security
– Police
– Need in depended Judiciary system
– Need more jail
– Maintain recreation system
– Run the aftercare sciences
– Need recreation facilities
– Need more Jail
– Exchange the education and educational system
– Others.
Comparative Social System
• Fundamental human demand/Needs:
– Basic Needs
– Human Needs
• Basic Needs + Human Needs = Basic Human Needs
• Basic Needs:
– Food
– Sleep
– Sex
Comparative Social System
• Human/Social Needs:
– Clothing
– Health
– Education
– Recreation
– Individual freedom
– Shelter
– Religion
– Security
So, Food , clothes, shelter , Education, Health & Recreation
– Human Needs as country wise of the world.
Comparative Social System
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Comparative Social System
Question of Midterm Exam
Broad Question:
Q.1: Define Society? Types of Society? Discuss the agent of social structure?
Q.2: Difference between pre industrial society & Industrial Society?
Q.3: What is Social Structure? What are the elements of Social Structure?
Q.4: Difference between Comparative oriental and occidental society?
Q.5: What is family? Mention the Characteristics of family and function of family?
Q.6: What is Social change? Briefly describe the causes of Social change with the e.g of BD?
Q.7: What is Crime? Discuss the Causes and Remedy of Crime in Bangladesh at present.
Short Question:
a. Human Evolution;
• b. Environment and Society;
• c. Basic human needs;
• d. Social change.
• Social Institution
Comparative Social System
Society:
Several Conditions must be met before people can be said to be living in one societyFirst- They must occupy a common territory.
Second- They must not only share this territory but must also interact with one other.
Third-They must to some extent have a common culture and a shared sense of membership in and commitment to the same group.
• So, we may say then, that a Society is a group of interacting individual, sharing the same territory and participating in a common culture.
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State:
– “The State a union of families and villages for its end a perfect and self sufficing life.”-Aristotle
– “A State is a people organize for law within a definite territory.” -Woodrow Wilson
• “The State is an organization which rules by means of a supreme government over a definite territory.” -Professor Nimcoff.
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics or Elements of the State:
– Community of person/Population.
– Definite territory.
– Government/Administration.
– Sovereignty.
• Characteristics or Elements of the Society:
– Status
– Roles
– Groups.
– Institute.
Comparative Social System
*Difference between Society and State:
Status
Society
Definition
Society is a group of interacting The State is an organization which individual, sharing the same territory rules by means of a supreme and participating in a common culture. government over a definite territory.
Size
The society is a bigger whole. Society The state is just a part of the Society. comes first.
The state is created from Society.
Social system or Society is a Social System. political System
Territoriality
State
State is a Political System.
Permanent
Society has no territorial limits. It may The State has a definite territory. extend from a village to the whole world. Society is a natural organization.
State is not a natural organization. It is a political organization.
Society is permanent.
State is not permanent.
Sovereignty
Society does not possess sovereignty.
Organization
Internal
External
State possesses sovereignty.
or The Society control both internal and The State controls external activities of the individual. activities only.
his
external
Comparative Social System
*Difference between Society and State:
Status
Society
State
Membership
It is voluntary for individual to become the It is compulsory for individual to become member of the state. He cannot be forced to the member of the state. become its member.
Laws and Rules The laws and rules of society are not so The laws and rules of state are definite clear; they are generally ambiguous and and clear. These are made by the vague. legislature of state.
Punishment
The laws of society are not uniform. The The Laws of state are uniform, so are laws of one group may be different from punishments which are imposed upon the those of another group on the same matter. individual violating any law of the state.
Similarly, different social groups have different punishments for violation of same law. Demands
Executive
Society demands obedience through their customs, traditions and moralities.
The government is not the executive organ of the society. The society regulates itself by customs, traditions and conventions.
The State demands obedience through laws of the state.
The government is the executive organ of the state. It makes and implements law of state. Development
Society is prior to the State.
State is a developed form of social organization and is a later growth.
Comparative Social System
Culture
• “Culture is the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his end.” ----- B. Malnusta.
• “Our Culture is what we are, our civilization is what we use.” ------Maciver
• “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts , morals , law , custom any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” --Adword Tailor.
• “Culture consists of inherited artifacts goods, technical processes ideas, habits and values.” ------ Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Comparative Social System
• Variability /Change of Culture:
– Historical Element
– Geographical Element
– Dominant cultural Themes
– Organismic change
– Individual whims
– Discoveries and inventions
– Change in the modes of production
– Others:
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Personal Relation
Religion
Trade
War
Media
Comparative Social System
• Elements of Culture:
Used Elements of men Culture is the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends. Elements mainly two types:
– Material Elements e.g. House, cloth, tools, Books etc. – Non Material Elements e.g. Concept, think,
Language, Literature, Science, Law, rules, ideas etc. Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Culture:
– Culture by learn
– Culture is conceptual
– Culture is Social
– Culture is Ideal values
– Culture is integral/Essential
– Culture is continuity
– Culture is hybridity
– Culture is changeable
– Culture invention by stimulus
– Culture and loss
– Motor habits
– Individual concept
– Culture is universals
– Evolution
– Assimilation
Comparative Social System
• Social Structure
– The first user of Social Structure” word ---- Herbert Spencer
– “A part of Social Structure, all social relations of person to person. In the study of Social Structure the concrete reality with which we are concerned is the set of actuality existing relations at a given moment, which link together certain human beings.” ----- Radcliff Brown
– “Social Structure is the complex of the Principal groups and
Institutions which constitute Society” ---- Morris Ginsberg
– “The Social Structure is continually evolving out of life process of determinate individuals.” -------- Marx and Engels
Comparative Social System
• Elements of Social Structure:
– According to Structural functional theory
1. Social identity of man & Social introductory of man
2. Social association & Institution
3. Social regulation/ Laws
4. Social values
1. Social identity and Role of man:
– Language
– Family & marriage system
– Economical Institution
– Political Institution
– Physiology
– Religion
2. Social association and Institution:
• Man established association & Institution for his own Need and Demand.
3. Social regulation/Laws
5. Social values
Comparative Social System
• Marxist and Non-Marxist view about Social Structure:
Two Concepts:
1. Organic concept: Supporter------ Herbert Spencer, Radcliff
Brown etc. “Social Structure” word comes from Biology.
– Herbert Spencer compares the social structure with living organism and also the part of living body.
– “Society is treated as a kind of living creature the of which can be dissected and distinguished. The social structure is the mesh of mutual positions and interrelations in terms of which the inerdemeden of the component parts may be described.”-----T.B Bottomore
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Comparative Social System
2. Inorganic Concept: Marxist concept
Two sight of Social Structure
a. Basic Structure
b. Super Structure
a. Basic Structure:
Economic production system + Production relations = Hole production/ or Social basic structure.
b. Super Structure:
Rules & Regulation, Philosophy, politics, culture that makes the super structure of the society.
• According to Marxist:
Social structure all time makeable and every stage of social movement have a new structure. Nature of Social Structure:
a. Oriental &
b. Occidental
Comparative Social System
Comparative analysis of Oriental and Occidental Social Structure:
Nature
Oriental
Occidental
State Monopoly Rules
Not Democracy government
Democratically government.
Owner of the land
Industrialization
State, Economy depended on irrigation Personal Ownership system. No personal ownership
Not industrialization
Industrialization
Urbanization
Poor Urbanization
Highly Urbanization
Morality
Strong
Weak
Bureaucracy
Administration system controlled by
Bureaucracy society
Agriculture base Society like India, Brazil, and Mexico and so on.
Administration system controlled by political party.
Industrial city state, personal land ownership society like USA, UK and so on.
Life Style
Technology
Social Change
Primitive, based mainly on human and Advanced, based on mainly on a machines. animal power
Slow
Rapid
Base
Based on River
Based on City
Religion
Have religion
No religion
Middle Class
In presence
No Presence
Color
Have Caste
No color
Family System
Have family system
No family system
Comparative Social System
Social Institution
• Social Institutions:
• “Social Institution is the means for the control and utilization of Social energy.” ------ Lester F. Word
• “Social Institution is a fabric of fairly definite and generally sanctioned relation between individuals of a group is respect to one another. ----- J.O. Hertzler
• “Social Institutions are habitual ways of living together which have been sanctioned, systematized and established by the authority of communities.” ---- C.A.
Ellwood
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Institutions:
– Crescive institutions
– Enacted Institutions
• Characteristics of Social Institutions:
– Social Control
– Dependency on each and other
– Movable
– Not usable
– Social acceptance
– Necessity
Comparative Social System
• Role and Importance of Social Institutions:
– Establishment of Social discipline
– Increase of morality and values
– Crime
– Control of morality less
– Fulfill the varieties demand
– Social establishment
– Social longevity
– Creation of social environment
Comparative Social System
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Civil Society:
According to UN: “The Civil Society as a district social force composed of conscious and audacious citizen has historical evolved to present misdeen by state or state supported groups.”
- The Daily Star, 6 march 2004 “Civil Society constitutes collective conscience that acts against injustice and unfairness against individuals in a nation state.” Characteristics of Civil Society: Passion for individual liberty;
Desire for good governance and;
Democratic pluralism.
Comparative Social System
• Role of Civil Society:
1. To keep the state civil and non-intrusive.
• Principle of separation of power
• Executive, legislature and judiciary
• Checks and balances.
2. To promote and organized voluntary citizen action.
3. Enhancing the quality of governance.
4. To establish decency, fairness and democratic rights in the society.
5. To help to create social capital.
6. To ensure the existence the rule of law.
7. The establishment of scrupulous compliance of provisions of the constitutions.
8. Economic and social development.
9. To solve various problems.
10. To resurrect in national crisis as peoples power
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in 1970 Polish worker movement
2003 in Zorgia movement
1971 SK Mujib- Joint power
1990 in BD.
11. To ensure the existence of a balanced pluralism.
12. To ensure the existence of organized non-state interest group.
13. To rise against misrule of the authority.
14. A sleeping lion.
Comparative Social System
• Aim of the Civil Society:
– To establish of law and Justice in the society.
– To build up a welfare state.
– To establishment of democracy in society.
– To protection against in Justice.
– To establishment the citizen organization.
– To establish the right of the person or community of the society.
– To help the government for rule the country.
– To help the increase of Socio-economic of the Society.
– To stay with peoples at the time crisis of Nation and State.
– To help the government for rule the country.
Comparative Social System
• Rural Community & Urban Community
• Rural Community:
– “Human society has been cradled in the rural group” Emory.S.Boradus
– “Village is an ancient and permanent community.”
– “Village is a small region/area where is the settlement of few people’s and their man occupation is agriculture and agriculture is their life.”
(According to
Poverb- Allah Build Village and Man Build Town)
• Evolution layer of village:
– Primitive Rural Community
– Medieval Rural Community
– Modern Rural Community
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Rural Community:
– Agricultural Occupation
– Community Consciousness
– Joint Family system
– Simplicity
– Role of Neighborhoods
– Religiosity
– Near Isolation of the Rural Family
– Narrow mindedness
– Lack of Education Facalities
– Lack of medical Facilities
– Poor Communication System
Comparative Social System
• Rural Community of BD:
– Poverty
– Self sufficiency and Isolation
– Simplicity
– Conservatism
– Illiteracy
– Self Government
– Religious domination
– Control of Primary Institutions
– Domination of caste system
– Role of Neighborhood
Comparative Social System
• Change in Bangladesh Rural Community:
– Family system
– Economic system
– Standard of living
– Caste system
– Marriage system
– Nature of relation
– Political system
– Cultural Change
Comparative Social System
• Urban Community:
• Not nature base economic activities. “The anonymous character of the city frees the urban dweller from close moral control, social control becomes the activity of specialized agencies, and family control is lessened.”
Comparative Social System
• Fundamental Features of Urban Community:
– Assembly of Heterogeneity “The city is the home of opposites.” – Homelessness
– Namelessness
– Social Distance
– Social Heterogeneity
– Speed and Energy
– Slam people
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Question:
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What is mean by rural and Urban community? Discuss the characteristics of rural and Urban Community?
Discuss the details about the rural community of Bangladesh?
Comparative Social System
• SOCIALIZATION
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“Socialization is a complex processes of interaction through which the individual learns the habit, skills, beliefs and standards of Judgment that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and communities.” -------G.A Lundberg
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So, “Socialization is a process method by which man can be a Social being.”
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“Socialization is the process of social interaction through which people acquire personality and learn the way of life of their society.”
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“Socialization is the essential link between the individual and Society.”
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“Socialization is a learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.” H.M. Johnoson
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“Socialization is the process by which the child acquires a cultural content along with selfhood and personality.” -------Annold Green
Comparative Social System
• Agencies of Socialization:
– Family
– Playmates and Friends
– Educational institution
– Ego
– Religious institution
– Occupational organization.
– Mass media
– State
Comparative Social System
• Types of Socialization:
– Primary Socialization:
The Socialization that takes place is the early years of life. If focuses as the teaching of language and cognitive skills. The internalization of cultural values.
– Anticipatory Socialization:
When the children play at home they are involved is anticipatory socialization for their future roles as parents.
– Development Socialization:
It builds a heady acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progresses through new situations Such as manage or new jobs that require new expectations, obligation and roles.
– Re-Socialization:
If frequently takes place is a context where people have been partly or wholly isolated from their previous background.
Comparative Social System
• Process of Socialization:
• Ref: An introduction to Sociology ------ Gillin & Gillin
– According to them “An interaction process whereby a person’s behavior is modified to conform with expectations held by members or groups to which he belongs. • Process of Socialization:
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Reflexes
Instincts
Urges
Capacities
Comparative Social System
• Vidya Bhushan:
“It is a process which begins at birth and continues unceasingly until the death of the individual. It is an incessant proves”
• Elements of the process of socialization:
– Imitation
– Suggestion
– Identification
– Language
• Question:
– What do you mean by Socialization? Discuss the major agents of Socialization?
– Define Socialization. Discuss the various process of Socialization?
Comparative Social System
• Industrial Revolution
– “ The great change in the way of life come with the rapid development of knowledge and its application to productive technique which took place during the end of eighteen century and beginning of nineteenth century is called Industrial Revolution”--- Prof. Willium
– “ It is the process of change from agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the
18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world” ----- The new Encyclopaedia of Britanica
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Industrial Revolution:
– Radical change in production method
– Use of energy and mechanical technology
– Large scale production
– Salary base labour
– Competitive market
– Industrial based economy
– Classification of labour
– Explanation of capitalism\
– Industrialization & Urbanization
Comparative Social System
• Impact of Industrial Revolution & Social Life
– Positive Impact
– Negative Impact
• Positive Impact
– Science & Tech Knowledge
– Change in production method
– Increase of transport and communication system
– Increase of life style
– Easy exchange of method
– Control of Birth rate and death rate
– Control of PGR
– Occupation change
– Economical development
– Enhance of Medical Science
– Industrialization and Urbanization
Comparative Social System
• Negative Impact
– Increase of unemployment
– Change of family structure
– Security hamper of children
– Family destroy
– Increase of demand
– Occupational accident
– Creation slam people
– Change in social relation
– War
– Dimensions of Crime
– Environment pollution ( water, air, noise soil-----pollution)
Question:
• Define Industrialization. Discuss the impact of Industrialization on human society.
Comparative Social System
• Social Stratification
– “Social stratification is the division of society in permanent groups or categories linked with each other by relationship or super-ordination and sub-ordination and sub-ordination. It is these relationships which determine the position that the group and the individuals there is contained will occupy in society” ---- Prof. Pascual Gisbert
– “Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into higher and lower social units” ----Raymond w. Murray
– “ Essentially we mean by social stratification the arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that one unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and/or psychic gratification” --------- Prof. Tuwmin
Comparative Social System
• Classification of Social Stratification:
• According to Nature: 3 types:
– Estates
– Class system
– Caste system
• According to Historian:
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Slam System
Race & color system
Estates
Class system
Comparative Social System
• Social Stratification in the society of BD:
• 4 types:
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Slam system ( Work in house)
Race & color system ( Presence in Hindu society)
Estates system ( Land lord)
Class system ( Occupation , Religion in Muslim society like soyad , phatan, shak, mugal etc )
• In muslin society:
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Chowdhury
Khandani
Bhuyan
Kazi
• Others ( Teacher , doctor, fisherman, washman)
Comparative Social System
• Dysfunction of Social Stratification:
• According to Prof. Tuwmin (Book: Social Stratification)
1. Intellectual development barriers
2. Barriers to Solidarity
3. The obstacles of using creative power
4. Unequal obedient to society
5. The obstacles in reflection of soul
6. Barriers in participation in social work
7.Social stratification
Comparative Social System
• Different characteristics of Social Stratification:
– Origin of social stratification action by the difference of property, power and status.
– Social role & Social stratification
– Social stratification is the elements of social rank and values
– Social Stratification interfair on the personal life style of the society people. – Social Stratification highly related to socialization
– Social interaction controlled by Social Stratification
– Social Stratification tends to restrict interaction. So that there is more interaction of a given sort within strata than between strata
– Social Stratification present is all society
– Social Stratification -------- Sometime ascribed and sometime achieved – Social Stratification is universal and for all
Comparative Social System
• Stratification of Rural Society in BD:
1. According land property and owner:
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Rich farmer
Owner of marginal land
Sharing farmer
Land less farmer-labour
2. According Educational Status:
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Signature Education
Primary school pass
High School pass
Higher Secondary pass
Honor’s/ Degree pass
Master’s Degree pass
3. According to power
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Chairman and member of UP
Headman
Head of the party
Conscious People
Village indifferent people about politics and leadership
4. According to Family Reputation
Comparative Social System
• Stratification of Urban Society in BD:
• According to quantity of people owner
– High class ( Industrial people)
– High middle class ( Businessman)
– Middle class ( Doctor ,teacher, Journalist)
– Lower middle class ( Lower service holder)
– Lower class ( Labour, Rickshawala)
• According to power:
– Administrator Elit class
– Non Administrator Elit Class
– General Press
• According Education
• According Residence place ---Like --- (Gulshan, Dhanmondi,
Banani) High Class people
Comparative Social System
• No Society is unstratified Explain its Favour:
- “Social Stratification is the differentiation of a given population into hierarchically supper imposed classes.” ---------Sorakin
– “The division of Society into classes or strata which form a hierarchy of prestige and power is almost a universal feature of social structure.”------ T.B Botomor
– “The Process by which individuals and groups are ranked in more or less enduring hierarchy of status known as stratification” ------ Prof. Nimcoff
So, According to parameter of strata Human society is stratification by era to era.
• Question:
– Define social stratification. Discuss the different Characteristics of social Stratification?
– Define social Stratification? Classify the social stratification? What are the disfunctions of social structure?
– Briefly discuss the Rural & Urban social stratification of Bangladesh?
– “No society is unstratified” Explain its favour?
Comparative Social System
• Population
• There are two problems in the world one is Nuclear War and another is overpopulation.
----Robert McNamara
• Comparative concept of Population:
• Layer (Step of population)
– Less population
– Over population
– Right population/Optimum population
• Less population: Population< Resource e.g: KSA, Russia,
• Over population: Population> Resource e.g: BD, Nizaria, Somalia
• Right Population: It is a relative concept.
• Parameter: Resource use, quality, proper use of resource, proper distribution of resource planning
Comparative Social System
• World Population:
2013 ----------------- 721.02 CRORE
2012 ----------------- 705.21 crore
2011----------------- 697.40 crore
2010 ----------- ------680.76 crore
2009----------- -------610.88 crore
• World:
–Population growth Rate: 1.1
–Fertility Rate 2 person
–Exp. Life: Man ---67 , Women ----- 72
–Urban Population: 50%
• BD:
–Population growth rate 1.37%
–Fertility Rate 2.11 person
–Exp. Life: Man---69 , Women --- 70
–Urban Population 24%
–Total population 15.36 Crore.
Others:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Highest Population Growth Rate (PGR) = Nizaria 3.5%
Highest Population = China 135.36 Crore
Highest Family marrage = Nizaria 75% ( BD 66% of major)
Highest Fertility = Nizaria 6.9 person
Lowest Population = Nauru
Lowest Population ( Muslim) = Maldives
Population growth Rate ( Development & Developing Society)
• Development Society:
–Japan= 0.1%
–German= 0.2%
–Russia= 0.1%
–USA= 0.4%
–UK = 0.3%
• Developing Society:
–Nizaria = 3.5%
–Malavi/Sudan = 3.2%
–Afghanistan = 3.1%
– Uganda = 3.1%
–Mali = 3.0%
–BD = 1.3%
Data Source:UNFPA Repat
2013
*Zero population:
Dominican R P, Poland, Sweden ----.
Comparative Social System
• Country wise population ( Largest Ten Country):
• Country Population PGR
1. China 135.36 Crore 0.4%
2. India 125.84 Crore 1.3%
3. USA 31.58 Crore 0.9%
4. Indonesia 24.48 Crore 1.0%
5. Brazil 19.84 Crore 0.8%
6. Pakistan 18.00 Crore 1.8%
7. Nizaria 16.66 Crore 2.5%
8. BD 15.24 Crore 1.3%
9. Russia 14.27 Crore -0.1%
10. Japan 12.64 Crore -0.1%
Comparative Social System
• South Asia:
Country Population PGR Fertility
1. Afghanistan 3.34 Crore 3.1 6
2. BD 15.24 Crore 1.3 2.11
3. Bhutan .80 Crore 1.5 2.3
4. India 125.84 Crore 1.3 2.5
5. Malaysia .30 Crore 1.3 1.7
6. Nepal 3.10 Crore 1.7 2.6
7. Pakistan 18.0 Crore 1.8 3.2
8. Srilanka 2.12 Crore 0.8 2.2
Comparative Social System
• Malthusian and Expected Population theory:
• Malthus: UK
– Mathmetica: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 etc
– Geometrical: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 etc.
•
Food( X) : 1 ,
• Population (Y): 2,
2,
3,
4, 8, 16,
4,
5,
32 ,
6,
7
64,
128
• Control: Positive Checks
• Nature = Flood , Cyclone ,Drought, Earthquake
• Criticism:
– Expression of Tech: & Medical
– Transport & Communication
– PGR & FGR but no concept on use of Resources
– No distribution of population
• Expected Population:
– Expected population
– Highest development
– Development life style
– Ideal Population
• Parameter of measurement:
– Employment -------- No unemployment
– Quality population
– Enterpyinner population/ Working population
– Long life population
– Highest income/ Life
– Modern civilization
• Criticism:
– PGR, CDR, CBR
– Relative thought ------- income
– Use of resource
Comparative Social System
• Population & Bangladesh:
–
Man 50.06%, Women 49.44%
•
History:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1951 ------------ 4.2 Core
1961------------ 5.08 Core
1974------------ 7.1 Core
1981 ------------ 8.71 Core
1991 ------------ 11.14 Core
2001 ------------ 12.31 Core
2011 ------------ 14.80 Core
2012 ------------- 15.24 Core
2013 ------------- 15.58 CRORE
•
Urban & Rural Population
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1951 ------------ 95.4------- 4.60
1961 ------------ 94.8 ---------- 5.20
1974 ------------ 91.2 ---------- 8.80
1981 ------------ 89.4 ----------10.60
1991 ------------ 87 ------------ 13.00
2001 ------------ 76.61 ---------23.39
2011 ------------ 76.70 ---------24.00
Population Growth Rate:
• 1911 ------------ 0.93
• 1921------------ .53
• 1941 ------------ 1.79
• 1951 ------------ 2.12
• 1961------------ 2.12
• 1974 ------------ 2.70
• 1991 ------------ 2.06
• 2001 ------------ 7.48
• 2011 ------------ 1.37
• 2012-------------1.37
Data Source : E.S 2012
Comparative Social System
• Popn: & Bangladesh:
– Over Population
– Population Explosion
– Population Problem
• Causes of over population in BD:
– Natural Causes
– Economical Causes
– Social and Cultural Causes
• Natural Causes:
– Geographical location
– Climate
– Soil
– Agriculture
• Economical Causes
– Agriculture base economy
– Food crises
– Lack of women employment
– Low life style
– Lack of social security
– Unemployment
– Lack of Medical facilities
• Social and Cultural Causes:
– Early marriage
– More marriage
– Illiteracy
– Lack of knowledge
– Lack of Social Awareness
– High IMR
– Food habit
– Lack of recreation
– Loss women education rate
– Father base social system
Comparative Social System
• Impact of overpopulation / Relation between the population and Environment:
– Environmental pollution
– Poverty
– Food problem
– Education problem
– Unemployment
– Health Problem
– Housing/Shelter Problem
– Medical/Medicine Problem
– Communication Problem
– Natural Imbalance
– Increase of crime & violence
– Lack of social security
– Disturbed of industrialization & development
– Increase of social instability
– Decrease of Agriculture land
– Increase of land less people
Comparative Social System
• Environmental pollution:
The increasing people pollute our environment by making latrines on the bank of rivers and canals. Human waste pollutes our environments. The vast population also produce so much carbon-dioxide which is danger for the environment.
• Poverty:
The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our wealth. So, day by day we become poor.
• Food Problem:
Population in Bangladesh is increasing by geometrical progression. But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression. The production of food cannot keep pace with our increasing people. So there is the shortage of food in our country.
Every year a large quantity of food is to be imported from abroad.
• Educational Problem:
It creates educational problem too. It is a Herculean job to get admission in school and colleges. For twenty seats, there may be two thousand candidates.
• Unemployment:
In the field of employment this condition is hazardous. For one single vacant post there will be thousand candidates. Thousands and thousands of people are out of work in the country.
• Health Problem:
“Health is wealth”, but our people are suffering from many diseases. Many children of our country are blind because they do not get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhoea.
• Housing/Shelter problem:
The area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for the large number of population. In our country some people sleep under the open sky, under the large tree, at railway station.
• Medical and medicine problem:
The large number of population creates the treatment problems too. There is only one qualified doctor for every 25,000 village people on the average. They also do not get proper and sufficient medicine.
• Communication problem:
There are crowds everywhere in buses, trains, bazaars, schools, colleges etc. People climb on the roof of the buses and trains to travel one to another as there is no room inside. This causes the accident.
Comparative Social System
• Control of Over Population in BD:
– Population policy:
– Compulsory birth/ death registration system :
– Restriction of Government:
– Benefit of Pension:
– Raising the Socio-Economic Status:
– Improvement in the health and nutritional status:
– Effectively analyzing:
– Measuring the size:
– Family planning:
• (Source: The Daily Star; Saturday, March 2, 2013)
– Enhance education facilities
– Create Employment opportunity
– Need more Medical facilities
– Need to change of food habit
– Need to create social awareness
– others
Comparative Social System
• Population policy:
A clearly defined population policy (since 1965, population control programmes have been operating but desired result has not yet been achieved);
• Compulsory birth/ death registration system :
A compulsory birth/death registration system (the role of this birth and death register is very important in demographic analysis of population structure for economic and social reasons);
• Restriction of Government:
Restriction of government benefits to 2 children per couple;
• Benefit of Pension:
Introduction of full pension for issueless couples so that they do not have to depend on the support of the children in old age;
• Raising the Socio-Economic Status:
Raising the socio-economic status of women through education and employment;
• Improvement in the health and nutritional status:
Improvement in the health and nutritional status of the people and a reduction of infant, child and maternal mortality; • Effectively analyzing:
More effectively analyzing and developing strategies to confront the large gap between knowledge and practice; • Measuring the size:
Measuring the size and impact of various types of internal migration; and
• Family planning:
Integration of the family planning programmes with all development oriented programmes.
Comparative Social System
• Social Security
– “Social Security is a programme of protection provided by society against those contingencies of modern life-Sickness, unemployment, old age dependency, industrial accidents and invalidism against which the individual cannot be expected to protect himself and life family by his own ability or foresight”
----------- W.A Friedlander ( source : Introduction to social welfare) – “ Social Security is a program of protection provided by social legislation against sickness, unemployment death of wageearner, old age or disability dependency and accident contingencies against which the individual cannot be expected to protect himself” ----- Charled I. Scott Land (U.S.A)
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Security:
– Social Security mainly a Economical Program
• Three type of Programme:
– Social insurance
– Social assistance
– A variety of Social services
• On the basis of social system there are three type of social security like
– Social insurance
– Social assistance
– Social services
• Elements of Social Security:
– Pension, Provident fund, Accidence allowance, Maternity benefit, Gratuity
– Poor relief----- Natural disaster, poor helpless, Blindness, orphan , low income people
– Health , Education, Family planning, Recreation , Baby welfare.
Comparative Social System
•
•
Comparative Social System
Question of Final Exam
• Broad Question:
• Q.1.Define State and Society? Mention the characteristics/elements of state and society? Briefly discuss the difference between State and Society?
• Q.2.What is industrial revolution? Mention the Characteristics of industrial revolution? Briefly describe the impact of industrial revolution? • Q.3.Define Culture? Mention the Characteristics of Culture? Briefly describe the variability’s of culture?
• Q.4.What do you mean by Civil Society? Mention the object/Aim of Civil Society? Briefly discuss the role or function of Civil Society?
• Q.4.Give and comparative account on World and Bangladesh population? What are causes of over population in BD? How can we control in over population in BD?
• Q.5.What are the relation between the population and environment in BD or impact of over population in BD?
• Q.6.What do you mean by Social Stratification? Mention the characteristics of Social Stratification? Briefly discuss the rural and urban stratification in BD?
•
• Short Question:
• Q.1. Socialization.
• Q.2. Rural and Urban community.
• Q.3. Development and Under development society.
• Q.4. Fundamental features of urban community.
• Q.5. Race
• Q. 6. Social Institution.
• Q.7. Social Security
• Q.8. Human Evolution
• Q. 9. Society and Environment
• Q. 10. Material and non-material culture
Society:
Several Conditions must be met before people can be said to be living in one societyFirst- They must occupy a common territory.
Second- They must not only share this territory but must also interact with one other.
Third- They must to some extent have a common culture and a shared sense of membership in and commitment to the same group.
So, we may say then, that a Society is a group of interacting individual, sharing the same territory and participating in a common culture.
Comparative Social System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Types of Societies:
Hunting and Gathering societies
Postarial societies
Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies
Industrial societies
Comparative Social System
•
•
•
•
•
Elements/Components of Social Structure:
Statuses
Roles
Groups
Institutions
Social Structure refers to the organized relationships between the basic components in a social system.
1.Statuses:
A Society consists ultimately of individuals Such as women, teacher, son , old person, doctor, and so on.
Comparative Social System
2.Roles: Athletic teams Classmates Student
Librarians
Faculty members
Administrations officials
Teacher
Figure: The statues of student carry with it a number of different roles
Comparative Social System
3. Groups: A. Primary groups:
A primary group consists of a small number of people who interact with each other, a relatively long period on an intimate, face to face basis.
B. Secondary groups:
A Secondary group consists of a number of people who interact on a temporary and impersonal basis. 4.Institutions:
1 .Cultural Institutions
2. Economic Institutions
3. Sports Institutions
4. Educational Institutions and so on.
Comparative Social System
• Difference between Pre-industrial & Industrial Society:
• Nature
Pre-industrial Society
Industrial Society
• Community Size Typically Small ( Village) Typically large ( cities)
• Social Relationship
• Division of labor
• Statuses
Mostly Primary ( Personal, intimate)
Relatively little, according to age and sex
Mostly ascribed
• Culture
Future oriented, Secular
Homogeneous, most people share similar values.
• Technology
•
Complex
Mostly informal, relying on spontaneous community reaction Often formal, relying on laws, police and courts.
• Values Tradition oriented, religious
• Social Change
A great deal, according to quality
Some ascribed , but many achieved
• Social structure Relatively simple
• Social Control
Mostly Secondary ( Impersonal, anonymous)
Primitive, based mainly on human and animal power
Slow Rapid
Heterogeneous; many subcultures hold different values.
Advanced, based on mainly on a machines.
Comparative Social System
• Family:
• “The family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.” -----R.M Maciver and C.H Page
• “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children.” ------ Prof. F. Nimcoff (Book:
Marriage & Family)
• “Family is a group of persons whose relations to one another d are based upon consequently and who are therefore kin to another.” ----- Burgess and rocke
Comparative Social System
• Functions of the Family:
– Regulation of social Behavior
– Replacement of members
– Socialization
– Care and Protection
– Education
– Social placement
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Family:
– Universality
– Emotional Basis
– Formative influence
– Limited Size
– Nuclear position in the social structure
– Responsibility of members
– Social Regulation
– Its Permanent and Temporary Nature
Comparative Social System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Universality:
It is formal in all society, at all stages of social development.
Emotional Basis:
It is based on a complex of the most profound impulses of our organic nature, those of mating, procreation, material devotion and parental care.
Formative influence:
It is the earlier social environment of all higher forms of life, including man, and the profoundest formative influence in the awakening lives of which it is the source. ( Maciver & C.H. Page)
Limited Size:
It is of necessity a group very limited in size. It is defined by biological conditions which it cannot transcend without losing its identity.
Nuclear Position in the Social Structure:
It is the nucleus of other Social organization. Frequently in the simpler societies.
Responsibility of members:
It makes continuous and greater demands on its members than any other association is want to do.
Social Regulation:
It is peculiarly guarded both by social taboos and by legal regulation which rigidly prescribe its form.
Its Permanent and Temporary Nature:
Comparative Social System
Social Change:
• Social Change:
• “Social Change is the alternation in patterns of social structure, social institutions and social behavior over time.”
• Although some societies are more resistant to change than others. But the nature, rate and direction of change differ greatly from one society to another.
• “Social Change is meant only such alteration as occur in social organization that is the structure and functions of the Society.” ----- Prof. Kingsley Davis
• “The Social Change means the change in Social Structure e.g. the size of the
Society. The composition or branch of its parts or the type of its organization. The term Social Changes must also include changes in attitudes or beliefs is so far as they sustain institutions and change with them.” ----- Morris Ginsburg.
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Change:
1. Desirable Social Change
2. Undesirable Social Change
Others:
• Natural Social Change
• Planned Social Change
Comparative Social System
Causes of Social Change:
– Natural Disaster
– Population
– Industrialization & Urbanization
– Awareness of people
– Education
– Political cause
– Economical
– Social perform and Social movement
– New law and correction of old law
– Technological Invention
– Social unstablishment
– Cultural disorder
– War
– Others
Comparative Social System
Sources of Change:
– The Physical Environment
– Ideas
– Technology
– Population
– Events
– Cultural Innovation
1.Discovery
2. Invention
3.Diffusion
– Human action
1.Powerful leaders and individuals
2. The collective behavior of large number of people
Comparative Social System
• Physical Environment: Sever earthquake, floods, volcanic eruptions or drought may cause changes in population structure. • Ideas: Capitalism, Socialism, Muslim ,Hinduism, Revolution
• Technology: Industrialization, Urbanization
• Population: Size of population , Quality of population
• Events: Existing Social
• Cultural Innovation:
a.Discovery: To know existing
b. Invention: New
c. Diffusion: Explanation
• Human action:
a.Powerful leadership, Visionary leadership and individuals.
b.The collective behavior of large number of people.
•
Comparative Social System
Crime /As a Social disorder:
• “A Crime is an act of omission or commission prohibited by law and for which violation the low avoids some penalty or sanction” ----------Hamza Hossoin
• “Crime is an act or default which tends to the prejudice of the community and forbidden by the law or pain of punishment inflicted at the suit of the state” ------- Abram
• “Crime may be defined as behavior that is prohibited by governmental authority and that can be punished through the application of formal sanctions.” Crime and Deviance: A search for an alternative explanation
Comparative Social System
• Types of Crime:
• According to British Law
– Loss Crime ( Person to Person)
– Great Crime ( Impact on Society)
– Anti State Crime ( Against on state law)
• Causal Crime:
– Economical Crime
– Social Crime
– Sexual Crime
– State Crime
– Physiological Crime
• According to Pattern/ Nature:
– As usual crime
– Happening Crime
– Political Crime
– White color Crime
Source: Criminology by Howkell ( 1974- P11)
Comparative Social System
• More or less there are three types of Crime. Such as------------– Crimes against persons
– Crimes against property
– Crimes against morality
• Others
– Professional Crime
They play their crime carefully
They hated by the society for their crime
– Organized Crime: based on Gang
– White color Crime: Out of Control
– Political Crime
– Corporate Crime
– Juvenile delinquency crime
Comparative Social System
Causes of Crime:
– Biological View
– Physiological View
– Economical View
– Sociological View
Comparative Social System
Causes of Crime in BD:
1.Social Causes:
– Family life
– Social Environment
– Security
– Weak Education System
– Illiteracy
– Weak/Loose social controlling system.
– Descries of Religion fear
– Influence of bad culture
– Lack of fulfill of Natural Wish
– Continuous development of civilization
– Genetically
– Lack of justice in the society
– Harmful publication
– Drug taking/Intoxicant
– Dowry System
– Jail system
Comparative Social System
2.Economical Causes:
– Poverty
– Unemployment
– Over material
– Industrialization & Urbanization
– Population density
– Food collection
– Lac of Recreation
Comparative Social System
3.Relation with different life style
4.Geographical causes
5.Physical Causes
6.Mental Causes
Comparative Social System
Proposals to remove Crime Tendency in BD:
– Create Expectable environment
– Lack of Employment
– Need Sound distribution system
– Manage the social security
– Police
– Need in depended Judiciary system
– Need more jail
– Maintain recreation system
– Run the aftercare sciences
– Need recreation facilities
– Need more Jail
– Exchange the education and educational system
– Others.
Comparative Social System
• Fundamental human demand/Needs:
– Basic Needs
– Human Needs
• Basic Needs + Human Needs = Basic Human Needs
• Basic Needs:
– Food
– Sleep
– Sex
Comparative Social System
• Human/Social Needs:
– Clothing
– Health
– Education
– Recreation
– Individual freedom
– Shelter
– Religion
– Security
So, Food , clothes, shelter , Education, Health & Recreation
– Human Needs as country wise of the world.
Comparative Social System
•
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•
Comparative Social System
Question of Midterm Exam
Broad Question:
Q.1: Define Society? Types of Society? Discuss the agent of social structure?
Q.2: Difference between pre industrial society & Industrial Society?
Q.3: What is Social Structure? What are the elements of Social Structure?
Q.4: Difference between Comparative oriental and occidental society?
Q.5: What is family? Mention the Characteristics of family and function of family?
Q.6: What is Social change? Briefly describe the causes of Social change with the e.g of BD?
Q.7: What is Crime? Discuss the Causes and Remedy of Crime in Bangladesh at present.
Short Question:
a. Human Evolution;
• b. Environment and Society;
• c. Basic human needs;
• d. Social change.
• Social Institution
Comparative Social System
Society:
Several Conditions must be met before people can be said to be living in one societyFirst- They must occupy a common territory.
Second- They must not only share this territory but must also interact with one other.
Third-They must to some extent have a common culture and a shared sense of membership in and commitment to the same group.
• So, we may say then, that a Society is a group of interacting individual, sharing the same territory and participating in a common culture.
•
State:
– “The State a union of families and villages for its end a perfect and self sufficing life.”-Aristotle
– “A State is a people organize for law within a definite territory.” -Woodrow Wilson
• “The State is an organization which rules by means of a supreme government over a definite territory.” -Professor Nimcoff.
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics or Elements of the State:
– Community of person/Population.
– Definite territory.
– Government/Administration.
– Sovereignty.
• Characteristics or Elements of the Society:
– Status
– Roles
– Groups.
– Institute.
Comparative Social System
*Difference between Society and State:
Status
Society
Definition
Society is a group of interacting The State is an organization which individual, sharing the same territory rules by means of a supreme and participating in a common culture. government over a definite territory.
Size
The society is a bigger whole. Society The state is just a part of the Society. comes first.
The state is created from Society.
Social system or Society is a Social System. political System
Territoriality
State
State is a Political System.
Permanent
Society has no territorial limits. It may The State has a definite territory. extend from a village to the whole world. Society is a natural organization.
State is not a natural organization. It is a political organization.
Society is permanent.
State is not permanent.
Sovereignty
Society does not possess sovereignty.
Organization
Internal
External
State possesses sovereignty.
or The Society control both internal and The State controls external activities of the individual. activities only.
his
external
Comparative Social System
*Difference between Society and State:
Status
Society
State
Membership
It is voluntary for individual to become the It is compulsory for individual to become member of the state. He cannot be forced to the member of the state. become its member.
Laws and Rules The laws and rules of society are not so The laws and rules of state are definite clear; they are generally ambiguous and and clear. These are made by the vague. legislature of state.
Punishment
The laws of society are not uniform. The The Laws of state are uniform, so are laws of one group may be different from punishments which are imposed upon the those of another group on the same matter. individual violating any law of the state.
Similarly, different social groups have different punishments for violation of same law. Demands
Executive
Society demands obedience through their customs, traditions and moralities.
The government is not the executive organ of the society. The society regulates itself by customs, traditions and conventions.
The State demands obedience through laws of the state.
The government is the executive organ of the state. It makes and implements law of state. Development
Society is prior to the State.
State is a developed form of social organization and is a later growth.
Comparative Social System
Culture
• “Culture is the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his end.” ----- B. Malnusta.
• “Our Culture is what we are, our civilization is what we use.” ------Maciver
• “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts , morals , law , custom any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” --Adword Tailor.
• “Culture consists of inherited artifacts goods, technical processes ideas, habits and values.” ------ Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Comparative Social System
• Variability /Change of Culture:
– Historical Element
– Geographical Element
– Dominant cultural Themes
– Organismic change
– Individual whims
– Discoveries and inventions
– Change in the modes of production
– Others:
•
•
•
•
•
Personal Relation
Religion
Trade
War
Media
Comparative Social System
• Elements of Culture:
Used Elements of men Culture is the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends. Elements mainly two types:
– Material Elements e.g. House, cloth, tools, Books etc. – Non Material Elements e.g. Concept, think,
Language, Literature, Science, Law, rules, ideas etc. Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Culture:
– Culture by learn
– Culture is conceptual
– Culture is Social
– Culture is Ideal values
– Culture is integral/Essential
– Culture is continuity
– Culture is hybridity
– Culture is changeable
– Culture invention by stimulus
– Culture and loss
– Motor habits
– Individual concept
– Culture is universals
– Evolution
– Assimilation
Comparative Social System
• Social Structure
– The first user of Social Structure” word ---- Herbert Spencer
– “A part of Social Structure, all social relations of person to person. In the study of Social Structure the concrete reality with which we are concerned is the set of actuality existing relations at a given moment, which link together certain human beings.” ----- Radcliff Brown
– “Social Structure is the complex of the Principal groups and
Institutions which constitute Society” ---- Morris Ginsberg
– “The Social Structure is continually evolving out of life process of determinate individuals.” -------- Marx and Engels
Comparative Social System
• Elements of Social Structure:
– According to Structural functional theory
1. Social identity of man & Social introductory of man
2. Social association & Institution
3. Social regulation/ Laws
4. Social values
1. Social identity and Role of man:
– Language
– Family & marriage system
– Economical Institution
– Political Institution
– Physiology
– Religion
2. Social association and Institution:
• Man established association & Institution for his own Need and Demand.
3. Social regulation/Laws
5. Social values
Comparative Social System
• Marxist and Non-Marxist view about Social Structure:
Two Concepts:
1. Organic concept: Supporter------ Herbert Spencer, Radcliff
Brown etc. “Social Structure” word comes from Biology.
– Herbert Spencer compares the social structure with living organism and also the part of living body.
– “Society is treated as a kind of living creature the of which can be dissected and distinguished. The social structure is the mesh of mutual positions and interrelations in terms of which the inerdemeden of the component parts may be described.”-----T.B Bottomore
•
Comparative Social System
2. Inorganic Concept: Marxist concept
Two sight of Social Structure
a. Basic Structure
b. Super Structure
a. Basic Structure:
Economic production system + Production relations = Hole production/ or Social basic structure.
b. Super Structure:
Rules & Regulation, Philosophy, politics, culture that makes the super structure of the society.
• According to Marxist:
Social structure all time makeable and every stage of social movement have a new structure. Nature of Social Structure:
a. Oriental &
b. Occidental
Comparative Social System
Comparative analysis of Oriental and Occidental Social Structure:
Nature
Oriental
Occidental
State Monopoly Rules
Not Democracy government
Democratically government.
Owner of the land
Industrialization
State, Economy depended on irrigation Personal Ownership system. No personal ownership
Not industrialization
Industrialization
Urbanization
Poor Urbanization
Highly Urbanization
Morality
Strong
Weak
Bureaucracy
Administration system controlled by
Bureaucracy society
Agriculture base Society like India, Brazil, and Mexico and so on.
Administration system controlled by political party.
Industrial city state, personal land ownership society like USA, UK and so on.
Life Style
Technology
Social Change
Primitive, based mainly on human and Advanced, based on mainly on a machines. animal power
Slow
Rapid
Base
Based on River
Based on City
Religion
Have religion
No religion
Middle Class
In presence
No Presence
Color
Have Caste
No color
Family System
Have family system
No family system
Comparative Social System
Social Institution
• Social Institutions:
• “Social Institution is the means for the control and utilization of Social energy.” ------ Lester F. Word
• “Social Institution is a fabric of fairly definite and generally sanctioned relation between individuals of a group is respect to one another. ----- J.O. Hertzler
• “Social Institutions are habitual ways of living together which have been sanctioned, systematized and established by the authority of communities.” ---- C.A.
Ellwood
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Institutions:
– Crescive institutions
– Enacted Institutions
• Characteristics of Social Institutions:
– Social Control
– Dependency on each and other
– Movable
– Not usable
– Social acceptance
– Necessity
Comparative Social System
• Role and Importance of Social Institutions:
– Establishment of Social discipline
– Increase of morality and values
– Crime
– Control of morality less
– Fulfill the varieties demand
– Social establishment
– Social longevity
– Creation of social environment
Comparative Social System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Civil Society:
According to UN: “The Civil Society as a district social force composed of conscious and audacious citizen has historical evolved to present misdeen by state or state supported groups.”
- The Daily Star, 6 march 2004 “Civil Society constitutes collective conscience that acts against injustice and unfairness against individuals in a nation state.” Characteristics of Civil Society: Passion for individual liberty;
Desire for good governance and;
Democratic pluralism.
Comparative Social System
• Role of Civil Society:
1. To keep the state civil and non-intrusive.
• Principle of separation of power
• Executive, legislature and judiciary
• Checks and balances.
2. To promote and organized voluntary citizen action.
3. Enhancing the quality of governance.
4. To establish decency, fairness and democratic rights in the society.
5. To help to create social capital.
6. To ensure the existence the rule of law.
7. The establishment of scrupulous compliance of provisions of the constitutions.
8. Economic and social development.
9. To solve various problems.
10. To resurrect in national crisis as peoples power
•
•
•
•
in 1970 Polish worker movement
2003 in Zorgia movement
1971 SK Mujib- Joint power
1990 in BD.
11. To ensure the existence of a balanced pluralism.
12. To ensure the existence of organized non-state interest group.
13. To rise against misrule of the authority.
14. A sleeping lion.
Comparative Social System
• Aim of the Civil Society:
– To establish of law and Justice in the society.
– To build up a welfare state.
– To establishment of democracy in society.
– To protection against in Justice.
– To establishment the citizen organization.
– To establish the right of the person or community of the society.
– To help the government for rule the country.
– To help the increase of Socio-economic of the Society.
– To stay with peoples at the time crisis of Nation and State.
– To help the government for rule the country.
Comparative Social System
• Rural Community & Urban Community
• Rural Community:
– “Human society has been cradled in the rural group” Emory.S.Boradus
– “Village is an ancient and permanent community.”
– “Village is a small region/area where is the settlement of few people’s and their man occupation is agriculture and agriculture is their life.”
(According to
Poverb- Allah Build Village and Man Build Town)
• Evolution layer of village:
– Primitive Rural Community
– Medieval Rural Community
– Modern Rural Community
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Rural Community:
– Agricultural Occupation
– Community Consciousness
– Joint Family system
– Simplicity
– Role of Neighborhoods
– Religiosity
– Near Isolation of the Rural Family
– Narrow mindedness
– Lack of Education Facalities
– Lack of medical Facilities
– Poor Communication System
Comparative Social System
• Rural Community of BD:
– Poverty
– Self sufficiency and Isolation
– Simplicity
– Conservatism
– Illiteracy
– Self Government
– Religious domination
– Control of Primary Institutions
– Domination of caste system
– Role of Neighborhood
Comparative Social System
• Change in Bangladesh Rural Community:
– Family system
– Economic system
– Standard of living
– Caste system
– Marriage system
– Nature of relation
– Political system
– Cultural Change
Comparative Social System
• Urban Community:
• Not nature base economic activities. “The anonymous character of the city frees the urban dweller from close moral control, social control becomes the activity of specialized agencies, and family control is lessened.”
Comparative Social System
• Fundamental Features of Urban Community:
– Assembly of Heterogeneity “The city is the home of opposites.” – Homelessness
– Namelessness
– Social Distance
– Social Heterogeneity
– Speed and Energy
– Slam people
•
Question:
–
–
What is mean by rural and Urban community? Discuss the characteristics of rural and Urban Community?
Discuss the details about the rural community of Bangladesh?
Comparative Social System
• SOCIALIZATION
–
“Socialization is a complex processes of interaction through which the individual learns the habit, skills, beliefs and standards of Judgment that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and communities.” -------G.A Lundberg
–
So, “Socialization is a process method by which man can be a Social being.”
–
“Socialization is the process of social interaction through which people acquire personality and learn the way of life of their society.”
–
“Socialization is the essential link between the individual and Society.”
–
“Socialization is a learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.” H.M. Johnoson
–
“Socialization is the process by which the child acquires a cultural content along with selfhood and personality.” -------Annold Green
Comparative Social System
• Agencies of Socialization:
– Family
– Playmates and Friends
– Educational institution
– Ego
– Religious institution
– Occupational organization.
– Mass media
– State
Comparative Social System
• Types of Socialization:
– Primary Socialization:
The Socialization that takes place is the early years of life. If focuses as the teaching of language and cognitive skills. The internalization of cultural values.
– Anticipatory Socialization:
When the children play at home they are involved is anticipatory socialization for their future roles as parents.
– Development Socialization:
It builds a heady acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progresses through new situations Such as manage or new jobs that require new expectations, obligation and roles.
– Re-Socialization:
If frequently takes place is a context where people have been partly or wholly isolated from their previous background.
Comparative Social System
• Process of Socialization:
• Ref: An introduction to Sociology ------ Gillin & Gillin
– According to them “An interaction process whereby a person’s behavior is modified to conform with expectations held by members or groups to which he belongs. • Process of Socialization:
–
–
–
–
Reflexes
Instincts
Urges
Capacities
Comparative Social System
• Vidya Bhushan:
“It is a process which begins at birth and continues unceasingly until the death of the individual. It is an incessant proves”
• Elements of the process of socialization:
– Imitation
– Suggestion
– Identification
– Language
• Question:
– What do you mean by Socialization? Discuss the major agents of Socialization?
– Define Socialization. Discuss the various process of Socialization?
Comparative Social System
• Industrial Revolution
– “ The great change in the way of life come with the rapid development of knowledge and its application to productive technique which took place during the end of eighteen century and beginning of nineteenth century is called Industrial Revolution”--- Prof. Willium
– “ It is the process of change from agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the
18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world” ----- The new Encyclopaedia of Britanica
Comparative Social System
• Characteristics of Industrial Revolution:
– Radical change in production method
– Use of energy and mechanical technology
– Large scale production
– Salary base labour
– Competitive market
– Industrial based economy
– Classification of labour
– Explanation of capitalism\
– Industrialization & Urbanization
Comparative Social System
• Impact of Industrial Revolution & Social Life
– Positive Impact
– Negative Impact
• Positive Impact
– Science & Tech Knowledge
– Change in production method
– Increase of transport and communication system
– Increase of life style
– Easy exchange of method
– Control of Birth rate and death rate
– Control of PGR
– Occupation change
– Economical development
– Enhance of Medical Science
– Industrialization and Urbanization
Comparative Social System
• Negative Impact
– Increase of unemployment
– Change of family structure
– Security hamper of children
– Family destroy
– Increase of demand
– Occupational accident
– Creation slam people
– Change in social relation
– War
– Dimensions of Crime
– Environment pollution ( water, air, noise soil-----pollution)
Question:
• Define Industrialization. Discuss the impact of Industrialization on human society.
Comparative Social System
• Social Stratification
– “Social stratification is the division of society in permanent groups or categories linked with each other by relationship or super-ordination and sub-ordination and sub-ordination. It is these relationships which determine the position that the group and the individuals there is contained will occupy in society” ---- Prof. Pascual Gisbert
– “Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into higher and lower social units” ----Raymond w. Murray
– “ Essentially we mean by social stratification the arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that one unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and/or psychic gratification” --------- Prof. Tuwmin
Comparative Social System
• Classification of Social Stratification:
• According to Nature: 3 types:
– Estates
– Class system
– Caste system
• According to Historian:
•
•
•
•
Slam System
Race & color system
Estates
Class system
Comparative Social System
• Social Stratification in the society of BD:
• 4 types:
–
–
–
–
Slam system ( Work in house)
Race & color system ( Presence in Hindu society)
Estates system ( Land lord)
Class system ( Occupation , Religion in Muslim society like soyad , phatan, shak, mugal etc )
• In muslin society:
•
•
•
•
Chowdhury
Khandani
Bhuyan
Kazi
• Others ( Teacher , doctor, fisherman, washman)
Comparative Social System
• Dysfunction of Social Stratification:
• According to Prof. Tuwmin (Book: Social Stratification)
1. Intellectual development barriers
2. Barriers to Solidarity
3. The obstacles of using creative power
4. Unequal obedient to society
5. The obstacles in reflection of soul
6. Barriers in participation in social work
7.Social stratification
Comparative Social System
• Different characteristics of Social Stratification:
– Origin of social stratification action by the difference of property, power and status.
– Social role & Social stratification
– Social stratification is the elements of social rank and values
– Social Stratification interfair on the personal life style of the society people. – Social Stratification highly related to socialization
– Social interaction controlled by Social Stratification
– Social Stratification tends to restrict interaction. So that there is more interaction of a given sort within strata than between strata
– Social Stratification present is all society
– Social Stratification -------- Sometime ascribed and sometime achieved – Social Stratification is universal and for all
Comparative Social System
• Stratification of Rural Society in BD:
1. According land property and owner:
•
•
•
•
Rich farmer
Owner of marginal land
Sharing farmer
Land less farmer-labour
2. According Educational Status:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Signature Education
Primary school pass
High School pass
Higher Secondary pass
Honor’s/ Degree pass
Master’s Degree pass
3. According to power
•
•
•
•
•
Chairman and member of UP
Headman
Head of the party
Conscious People
Village indifferent people about politics and leadership
4. According to Family Reputation
Comparative Social System
• Stratification of Urban Society in BD:
• According to quantity of people owner
– High class ( Industrial people)
– High middle class ( Businessman)
– Middle class ( Doctor ,teacher, Journalist)
– Lower middle class ( Lower service holder)
– Lower class ( Labour, Rickshawala)
• According to power:
– Administrator Elit class
– Non Administrator Elit Class
– General Press
• According Education
• According Residence place ---Like --- (Gulshan, Dhanmondi,
Banani) High Class people
Comparative Social System
• No Society is unstratified Explain its Favour:
- “Social Stratification is the differentiation of a given population into hierarchically supper imposed classes.” ---------Sorakin
– “The division of Society into classes or strata which form a hierarchy of prestige and power is almost a universal feature of social structure.”------ T.B Botomor
– “The Process by which individuals and groups are ranked in more or less enduring hierarchy of status known as stratification” ------ Prof. Nimcoff
So, According to parameter of strata Human society is stratification by era to era.
• Question:
– Define social stratification. Discuss the different Characteristics of social Stratification?
– Define social Stratification? Classify the social stratification? What are the disfunctions of social structure?
– Briefly discuss the Rural & Urban social stratification of Bangladesh?
– “No society is unstratified” Explain its favour?
Comparative Social System
• Population
• There are two problems in the world one is Nuclear War and another is overpopulation.
----Robert McNamara
• Comparative concept of Population:
• Layer (Step of population)
– Less population
– Over population
– Right population/Optimum population
• Less population: Population< Resource e.g: KSA, Russia,
• Over population: Population> Resource e.g: BD, Nizaria, Somalia
• Right Population: It is a relative concept.
• Parameter: Resource use, quality, proper use of resource, proper distribution of resource planning
Comparative Social System
• World Population:
2013 ----------------- 721.02 CRORE
2012 ----------------- 705.21 crore
2011----------------- 697.40 crore
2010 ----------- ------680.76 crore
2009----------- -------610.88 crore
• World:
–Population growth Rate: 1.1
–Fertility Rate 2 person
–Exp. Life: Man ---67 , Women ----- 72
–Urban Population: 50%
• BD:
–Population growth rate 1.37%
–Fertility Rate 2.11 person
–Exp. Life: Man---69 , Women --- 70
–Urban Population 24%
–Total population 15.36 Crore.
Others:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Highest Population Growth Rate (PGR) = Nizaria 3.5%
Highest Population = China 135.36 Crore
Highest Family marrage = Nizaria 75% ( BD 66% of major)
Highest Fertility = Nizaria 6.9 person
Lowest Population = Nauru
Lowest Population ( Muslim) = Maldives
Population growth Rate ( Development & Developing Society)
• Development Society:
–Japan= 0.1%
–German= 0.2%
–Russia= 0.1%
–USA= 0.4%
–UK = 0.3%
• Developing Society:
–Nizaria = 3.5%
–Malavi/Sudan = 3.2%
–Afghanistan = 3.1%
– Uganda = 3.1%
–Mali = 3.0%
–BD = 1.3%
Data Source:UNFPA Repat
2013
*Zero population:
Dominican R P, Poland, Sweden ----.
Comparative Social System
• Country wise population ( Largest Ten Country):
• Country Population PGR
1. China 135.36 Crore 0.4%
2. India 125.84 Crore 1.3%
3. USA 31.58 Crore 0.9%
4. Indonesia 24.48 Crore 1.0%
5. Brazil 19.84 Crore 0.8%
6. Pakistan 18.00 Crore 1.8%
7. Nizaria 16.66 Crore 2.5%
8. BD 15.24 Crore 1.3%
9. Russia 14.27 Crore -0.1%
10. Japan 12.64 Crore -0.1%
Comparative Social System
• South Asia:
Country Population PGR Fertility
1. Afghanistan 3.34 Crore 3.1 6
2. BD 15.24 Crore 1.3 2.11
3. Bhutan .80 Crore 1.5 2.3
4. India 125.84 Crore 1.3 2.5
5. Malaysia .30 Crore 1.3 1.7
6. Nepal 3.10 Crore 1.7 2.6
7. Pakistan 18.0 Crore 1.8 3.2
8. Srilanka 2.12 Crore 0.8 2.2
Comparative Social System
• Malthusian and Expected Population theory:
• Malthus: UK
– Mathmetica: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 etc
– Geometrical: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 etc.
•
Food( X) : 1 ,
• Population (Y): 2,
2,
3,
4, 8, 16,
4,
5,
32 ,
6,
7
64,
128
• Control: Positive Checks
• Nature = Flood , Cyclone ,Drought, Earthquake
• Criticism:
– Expression of Tech: & Medical
– Transport & Communication
– PGR & FGR but no concept on use of Resources
– No distribution of population
• Expected Population:
– Expected population
– Highest development
– Development life style
– Ideal Population
• Parameter of measurement:
– Employment -------- No unemployment
– Quality population
– Enterpyinner population/ Working population
– Long life population
– Highest income/ Life
– Modern civilization
• Criticism:
– PGR, CDR, CBR
– Relative thought ------- income
– Use of resource
Comparative Social System
• Population & Bangladesh:
–
Man 50.06%, Women 49.44%
•
History:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1951 ------------ 4.2 Core
1961------------ 5.08 Core
1974------------ 7.1 Core
1981 ------------ 8.71 Core
1991 ------------ 11.14 Core
2001 ------------ 12.31 Core
2011 ------------ 14.80 Core
2012 ------------- 15.24 Core
2013 ------------- 15.58 CRORE
•
Urban & Rural Population
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1951 ------------ 95.4------- 4.60
1961 ------------ 94.8 ---------- 5.20
1974 ------------ 91.2 ---------- 8.80
1981 ------------ 89.4 ----------10.60
1991 ------------ 87 ------------ 13.00
2001 ------------ 76.61 ---------23.39
2011 ------------ 76.70 ---------24.00
Population Growth Rate:
• 1911 ------------ 0.93
• 1921------------ .53
• 1941 ------------ 1.79
• 1951 ------------ 2.12
• 1961------------ 2.12
• 1974 ------------ 2.70
• 1991 ------------ 2.06
• 2001 ------------ 7.48
• 2011 ------------ 1.37
• 2012-------------1.37
Data Source : E.S 2012
Comparative Social System
• Popn: & Bangladesh:
– Over Population
– Population Explosion
– Population Problem
• Causes of over population in BD:
– Natural Causes
– Economical Causes
– Social and Cultural Causes
• Natural Causes:
– Geographical location
– Climate
– Soil
– Agriculture
• Economical Causes
– Agriculture base economy
– Food crises
– Lack of women employment
– Low life style
– Lack of social security
– Unemployment
– Lack of Medical facilities
• Social and Cultural Causes:
– Early marriage
– More marriage
– Illiteracy
– Lack of knowledge
– Lack of Social Awareness
– High IMR
– Food habit
– Lack of recreation
– Loss women education rate
– Father base social system
Comparative Social System
• Impact of overpopulation / Relation between the population and Environment:
– Environmental pollution
– Poverty
– Food problem
– Education problem
– Unemployment
– Health Problem
– Housing/Shelter Problem
– Medical/Medicine Problem
– Communication Problem
– Natural Imbalance
– Increase of crime & violence
– Lack of social security
– Disturbed of industrialization & development
– Increase of social instability
– Decrease of Agriculture land
– Increase of land less people
Comparative Social System
• Environmental pollution:
The increasing people pollute our environment by making latrines on the bank of rivers and canals. Human waste pollutes our environments. The vast population also produce so much carbon-dioxide which is danger for the environment.
• Poverty:
The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our wealth. So, day by day we become poor.
• Food Problem:
Population in Bangladesh is increasing by geometrical progression. But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression. The production of food cannot keep pace with our increasing people. So there is the shortage of food in our country.
Every year a large quantity of food is to be imported from abroad.
• Educational Problem:
It creates educational problem too. It is a Herculean job to get admission in school and colleges. For twenty seats, there may be two thousand candidates.
• Unemployment:
In the field of employment this condition is hazardous. For one single vacant post there will be thousand candidates. Thousands and thousands of people are out of work in the country.
• Health Problem:
“Health is wealth”, but our people are suffering from many diseases. Many children of our country are blind because they do not get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhoea.
• Housing/Shelter problem:
The area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for the large number of population. In our country some people sleep under the open sky, under the large tree, at railway station.
• Medical and medicine problem:
The large number of population creates the treatment problems too. There is only one qualified doctor for every 25,000 village people on the average. They also do not get proper and sufficient medicine.
• Communication problem:
There are crowds everywhere in buses, trains, bazaars, schools, colleges etc. People climb on the roof of the buses and trains to travel one to another as there is no room inside. This causes the accident.
Comparative Social System
• Control of Over Population in BD:
– Population policy:
– Compulsory birth/ death registration system :
– Restriction of Government:
– Benefit of Pension:
– Raising the Socio-Economic Status:
– Improvement in the health and nutritional status:
– Effectively analyzing:
– Measuring the size:
– Family planning:
• (Source: The Daily Star; Saturday, March 2, 2013)
– Enhance education facilities
– Create Employment opportunity
– Need more Medical facilities
– Need to change of food habit
– Need to create social awareness
– others
Comparative Social System
• Population policy:
A clearly defined population policy (since 1965, population control programmes have been operating but desired result has not yet been achieved);
• Compulsory birth/ death registration system :
A compulsory birth/death registration system (the role of this birth and death register is very important in demographic analysis of population structure for economic and social reasons);
• Restriction of Government:
Restriction of government benefits to 2 children per couple;
• Benefit of Pension:
Introduction of full pension for issueless couples so that they do not have to depend on the support of the children in old age;
• Raising the Socio-Economic Status:
Raising the socio-economic status of women through education and employment;
• Improvement in the health and nutritional status:
Improvement in the health and nutritional status of the people and a reduction of infant, child and maternal mortality; • Effectively analyzing:
More effectively analyzing and developing strategies to confront the large gap between knowledge and practice; • Measuring the size:
Measuring the size and impact of various types of internal migration; and
• Family planning:
Integration of the family planning programmes with all development oriented programmes.
Comparative Social System
• Social Security
– “Social Security is a programme of protection provided by society against those contingencies of modern life-Sickness, unemployment, old age dependency, industrial accidents and invalidism against which the individual cannot be expected to protect himself and life family by his own ability or foresight”
----------- W.A Friedlander ( source : Introduction to social welfare) – “ Social Security is a program of protection provided by social legislation against sickness, unemployment death of wageearner, old age or disability dependency and accident contingencies against which the individual cannot be expected to protect himself” ----- Charled I. Scott Land (U.S.A)
Comparative Social System
• Types of Social Security:
– Social Security mainly a Economical Program
• Three type of Programme:
– Social insurance
– Social assistance
– A variety of Social services
• On the basis of social system there are three type of social security like
– Social insurance
– Social assistance
– Social services
• Elements of Social Security:
– Pension, Provident fund, Accidence allowance, Maternity benefit, Gratuity
– Poor relief----- Natural disaster, poor helpless, Blindness, orphan , low income people
– Health , Education, Family planning, Recreation , Baby welfare.
Comparative Social System
•
•
Comparative Social System
Question of Final Exam
• Broad Question:
• Q.1.Define State and Society? Mention the characteristics/elements of state and society? Briefly discuss the difference between State and Society?
• Q.2.What is industrial revolution? Mention the Characteristics of industrial revolution? Briefly describe the impact of industrial revolution? • Q.3.Define Culture? Mention the Characteristics of Culture? Briefly describe the variability’s of culture?
• Q.4.What do you mean by Civil Society? Mention the object/Aim of Civil Society? Briefly discuss the role or function of Civil Society?
• Q.4.Give and comparative account on World and Bangladesh population? What are causes of over population in BD? How can we control in over population in BD?
• Q.5.What are the relation between the population and environment in BD or impact of over population in BD?
• Q.6.What do you mean by Social Stratification? Mention the characteristics of Social Stratification? Briefly discuss the rural and urban stratification in BD?
•
• Short Question:
• Q.1. Socialization.
• Q.2. Rural and Urban community.
• Q.3. Development and Under development society.
• Q.4. Fundamental features of urban community.
• Q.5. Race
• Q. 6. Social Institution.
• Q.7. Social Security
• Q.8. Human Evolution
• Q. 9. Society and Environment
• Q. 10. Material and non-material culture
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The Painted Door by Sinclair Ross is about a couple that has been married for 7 years, in which, they’ve lived on an isolated farm. The wife Anne seeks change in her boring life resulting in her committing adultery. Later in the story Anne comes to the realization that she’s truly in love with John but it didn’t matter because John had witnessed her sin. John is announced dead because while walking away from his home in dismay he froze to death. In comparison, Behind the Headlines by Vidyut Akulujkar the wife Lakshmi is tired of her repetitive life style which is cause by her husband Hariharan who was a “[]promised professor of economics in a respectable Canadian university.”(pg139) The couple were immigrants from India therefore they carried on a traditional marriage. Shortly after Hariharan leaves to a work conference his wife Lakshmi dropped her house keys into the mail slot showing that she was not coming back to him. These two short stories are similar in the aspects of conflict, plot, and characterization.…
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Continental philosophy, Pragmatic philosophy, and Analytic philosophy are all three forms of philosophies that are in response to Hegel. The differences began within English speaking countries and European speaking countries, which off-set into two separate traditions. Continental philosophy is the most different in its response to Hegelian idealism in Europe in the 19th and 20th century. The main schools of philosophical thought are existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory, being that existentialism and phenomenology are the two prominent schools. Some of the themes of existentialism include “Philosophy must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world,” and “Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence, giving birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair,” (Moore, B. N., & Bruder, K. , 2011, p. 154). Continental philosophers do not agree that science is the best way to describe the ways of life and emphasize on metaphilosophy. To me, Continental Philosophy is difficult to describe because it seems critical instead of expressive. Next, Pragmatic philosophy is the main tradition of philosophy in the United States. Overall, Pragmatic philosophy speaks of the lack of an absolute truth. The truth can change accordingly to any situation depending on the time and place. The three best known pragmatists are C.S Peirce, William James, and John Davey. Instrumentalism, which is Dewey’s product of pragmatism, says that human activity and human thoughts are instruments used by humans to solve practical problems. They believed that truth varied from person to person depending on where he/she wanted to progress in life. Lastly, Analytic philosophy is the main tradition of philosophy in England and later in the United States. Of course the main purpose of Analytic philosophy is analysis, which expresses complex concepts into more…
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Amy Tans “Fish Cheeks.” and Elizabeth Gilberts “The Best Pizza in the World.” separate American women (one being an adolesant the other adult) in two different countries. These two contrasting accounts highlight a difference in maturity, acceptance of who they are, and appreciation of how the different cultures are of great value. Both women describe their experiences involving life, food, and their inner most thoughts.…
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The two societies that are to be discussed are Modern Britain and the Old Order Amish.…
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There are three main types of schools of thought that are noted in the field of philosophy. The three schools are continental, pragmatic, and analytic philosophies. We are going to take a look at all three of theses and compare them, and see which one most appeals to me and why.…
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At a basic level the comparative approach is simply one of making comparisons, something we do constantly in our everyday lives.…
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Topic sentence: Although there are a number of similarities, there are several differences between fast and home cooked…
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Impact of social class, culture, sub culture and cross culture factors on consumer behavior in Malaysia.…
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One of the great books written by our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, is Noli Me Tangere. It is a Latin word meaning "Touch Me Not". He started writing it in Madrid, Spain on 1884 and continued in Paris, France. He was finished it in Berlin, Germany on February 1887 and had printed at Berlin Buchdrukrei Action Gesselschaft. His first novel was dedicated to his Inang Bayan, the Philippines or it called the motherland. The history stated in the book "Uncle Tom's Cabin" of Hariet Beecher Stowe, that tells the suffering of Negro slaves under the cruelty of the Americans, gave our hero the idea. In writing this book, he saw the similarities of this to the cruelty experienced by the Filipinos under the Spanish rule. This was published at Imprenta Lette in Berlin, Germany on March 1887 by the help of Dr. Maximo Viola who saved Noli Me Tangere by lending Rizal 300,000 for the printing of 2,000 copies of the novel. As thanks, Dr. Rizal gave the original manuscript and the PLUMA he used in writing the novel to Dr. Maximo Viola.…
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* Authors on the Web. Ray Bradbury. HarperCollins Publishers, 2011. Web. December 7, 2011. www.raybradbury.com…
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What is sociometry? The word sociometry comes from the Latin “socius,” meaning social or companion and the Latin “metrum,” meaning measure. As these roots imply, sociometry is a way of measuring the degree of relatedness among people. Measurement of relatedness can be useful not only in the assessment of behavior within groups, but also for interventions to bring about positive change and for determining the extent of change. For a work group, sociometry can be a powerful tool for reducing conflict and improving communication because it allows the group to see itself objectively and to analyze its own dynamics. It is also a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and development in groups devoted to therapy or training.…
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