Both Carol Ann Duffy and Simon Armitage use a range of methods in their exploration of the theme of change. Duffy 's poems tend to be more personal although in her poems about change, such as 'Pluto ' and 'The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team ' she writes in a male voice which then distances her from the speaker. Armitage writes more universal poems, few of which are written of personal experiences in the first person. Both write about change in a mostly negative manner, particularly seen in 'Pluto ', 'The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form
Team ' and 'Afterword.
The use of form and structure contributes considerably to the exploration of the theme of change. It is used variably through their poetry. In 'Man with a Golf Ball Heart ' by Armitage, he uses what could be a sonnet to express change. The poem has fourteen lines and at the sixth line begins with 'but ' which signals change. It could therefore be a modernised petrarchan sonnet. This would be appropriate as one of the poem 's themes is change and would be an original way to explore that theme. The poem is written in prose-like free verse as
Armitage is telling a story of what happened when he opened up a golf ball and is then likening it the man 's heart. By doing so he uses more description and creates clear visual images. The graphic description of the golf ball uses words such as 'bitter ', 'bad ' and 'weep ' which have negative connotations. The view of change in this poem is negative and tells of how the man became.
The prose technique is again used by Armitage in 'Goalkeeper with a
Cigarette ' in which the poem is written entirely in that style. This poem is a detailed description of an old-fashioned goalkeeper and therefore is helped by this writing style. By using an effective description technique