Which Hellenistic philosophy taught that we should strive for “pleasure,” defined as the absence of pain? –Epicureanism…
A Stoic is a person who is seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure, or pain. One who is not touched by the outside world seem to live inside themselves always thinking that today might be the last. Stoics detach themselves from things of this worlds including objects, people, and to a certain extent their own lives. In Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations and Epictetus’ Discourses they both explain how to properly be a stoic, learning to deny their feelings, respect themselves and nature, and detach themselves from the useless things of this world.…
There various type of changes that occurred during Hellenistic age. It brought about new political and philosophical concepts. Epicureanism held that people could achieve happiness only by withdrawing from public life and, through the exercise of reason, freeing themselves from all sources of anxiety, including a belief in gods. Epicureanism also opened philosophical activity to all despite gender or social condition. Stoicism did so as well through its idea of a world society bound by a shared search for harmony with the Logos. Everyone could achieve this harmony by their passions through reason. Stoicism also encouraged participation in public life to foster harmony throughout world society. Skepticism denied that there is one true path to happiness. In its most sophisticated form, it insisted on the limits of reason, encouraging adherents to base morality not on fixed principle but on practical experience. The most radical of Hellenistic philosophies, Cynicism tried to free people to follow their own natures by denying all forms of authority and promoting ascetic self-discipline. By emphasizing personal fulfillment, Hellenistic philosophy did some of the work of religion, thus preparing the way for Christianity.…
Epicurus was a hedonist, a materialist and a consequentialist who strongly believed that in order to attain the good life one must live a pleasant existence free of worry and pain. Through reflection of the concepts in Epicurus’s Letter to Menoeceus this paper will discuss Epicurus’s argument of why ‘death means nothing to us’ (Epicurus 1998a, p.49). In other words, the concept that one should not fear death, which he held to be a state of fear bringing only pain to one’s life. In addition, the notion of applying these concepts for ethical purposes on how one should live their life will be explained. In conclusion, this paper will provide a compelling argument of the reasons why Epicurus’s ideas on being fearless of death did indeed contribute to the alleviation of pain and helped with the pursuit of happiness or ataraxia (peace of mind).…
One interesting thing about Epicurus’ is that he believed that the true life of pleasure consists…
Epicurus says that Pleasure is what we pursue and, what we come back to, but for him pleasure stems from lack of pain. He believed that a life on moderation brought the most pleasure that over indulgence was unhealthy and brought pain. The simple things in life bring the most pleasure. He believed that mental pain was worse the physical pain. He explained mental pain a disturbance of the mind. He urged prudence in our pursuit of pleasures, and that all other virtues spring from it.…
However, the Hellenistic period was quite different. After the conquests and reign of Alexander (336-323 B.C.E.), three major Hellenistic Kingdoms arose, in which there was a very different approach to philosophy and religion. Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Skepticism arose. Epicureanists believed in fate and that regardless of whether they accepted or rebelled against it, they would be unable to subdue it, contrasting greatly to the Classical notion where all were believed to have an undefiable free will. The Stoics believed in tolerance and forgiveness. They advocated participation in public affairs. Stoics despised war and slavery, and preached equality and pacifism. The Epicureans and the Stoics did, however, believe in one common idea-that achieving tranquility of the mind was the objective of life. Skepticism, which reached its peak in 200 B.C.E. as a direct result of the influence of Carneades, was the belief that all knowledge is derived from sense perception and is limited only to this. Because of this,…
“The prospect of death is at best a disquieting annoyance; it is at worst a terrifying mystery” (Rosenbaum 175). Death, a tragedy of life, is an experience that each and every one of us have to undergo through at a certain point in our lifetime. May it be from old age, sickness, violence etc. death is a state of affairs that is inescapable. Stephen Rosenbaum, a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, writes the essay “How to Be Dead and Not care” where he introduces Epicurus’ argument, defends and explicates it while also incorporating an American philosopher Thomas Nagel, objections to the argument. Evidently Rosenbaum’s essay serves as an insight for readers to learn how to value and repurpose their lives to be better than they are. Personally I do believe that death is not always bad for one in that, if a person were sick and day-in-day-out they were in pain, which hindered their daily interactions and experiences, then their death is not bad. At this point the person is at peace hence no pain, no sufferings, and no worries. Looking at the antithesis of my belief, if a happy person dies of a car accident then at this point death is bad for them since it deprives the person of their continued happiness and…
After reading the philosophical text of Epictetus, a Roman, Stoic exponent, I was able to view my situation differently. He stresses morality as a means to reach eudaimonia or happiness. This eudaimonia is attainable only through correct judgment of goods and bads, disregarding "indifferents" as inconsequential. From the beginning of the night, I felt like I was doing well by presenting myself in what I thought to be the proper way, but that is an indifferent. In order to preserve our prohairesis, we must understand the things that are in our power, thus accepting everything else as “indifferents.”…
The stoic’s ethics set them apart from other philosophers; they believed you needed to live in agreement with nature to be a happy person. “The stoics claim that whatever is good must benefit its possessor under all circumstances.” (Stoicism) The Romans used the ethics of the famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, to form their ethics. “Aristotle’s ethics provides the form for the adumbration of the ethical teaching of the Hellenistic schools.” (Stoicism) Aristotle was a famous scientific philosopher who learned from another famous stoic Plato, he learned from Socrates who was the first great Greek philosopher.…
In Roman times, suicide was not the shameful, taboo act that it is today, but was once viewed as honorable and praiseworthy. The ultimate sacrifice was being able to take one 's own life. Brutus, in William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar, is a man driven by will, virtue, and disillusionment all in the name of the Republic. On the eve of his defeat by Antony, Brutus runs upon his own sword to preserve his honor as a Roman man. Brutus "embraces a Stoic attitude towards suicide, seeing it as the supreme form of self-possession, the achievement of worldly glory."(Rebhorn, 89) Stoicism, a philosophy followed by many Romans, states that "death by one 's own hand is always an option and frequently more honorable than a life of protracted misery."(Sacharoff, 116) Stoics believe that "[suicide] springs from a feeble rather than a strong mind." (Sacharoff, 119) Being of week and conflicted mind, Brutus was right in taking his life, according to Stoicism. The will of Brutus, his virtue, and disillusionment were the cause of his feeble mind, and ultimately the cause of his suicide.…
Epicurus in his letter to Menoeceus backers the necessity of freedom from prejudice, superstition and extremes of emotions in the pursuit of happiness and a tranquil life. The apparent simplicity of this formula allowed detractors to misinterpret Epicurus, depicting him as depraved, hedonistic, anarchistic and atheistic. His aim is to present to us, how to live a happy life. He sees happiness as the fundamental principle of the good life. This paper is an attempt to critically delineate the essential tenets of Epicureanism as articulated in his letter to Menoeceus, and finally to criticize and evaluate in order to arrive at a dependable conclusion. In what follows, it would be apt to briefly consider the personality or Epicurus, before delving into the main work.…
Epictetus believes and that our opinions, our impulses, desires, and aversions are up to us and that our bodies, our possessions, our reputations, and our public offices are not up to us. I agree with him except for I believe that our reputations are up to us because it is up to each individual person to decide how they want the public to perceive them that develops one’s reputation. Epictetus states that we must be “in accord with nature” (90) and one example that he wrote is: “death is nothing dreadful but instead the judgement about death that it is dreadful-that is what is dreadful.” (90) I think that what he is suggesting in this phrase is that thinking about death does not make us upset but our judgement about it does when it comes to…
As the discussion on defining happiness thickens in the Republic, Socrates starts comparing the makings of a good city to a good soul as a way to successfully segue into explaining what the true meaning of happiness is. He explains that a well-functioning city is equivalent to happiness. If a city is stable and flourishing, then the city as a whole would be happy and the citizens would also be happy, especially if they are free from any internal or external conflicts. Though some can argue that there is no correlation between the well-being of a city and its citizens, one cannot simply ignore that a poorly functioning city directly influences the state of living of its citizens negatively; how can the citizens be happy if their city isn’t functioning…
Essentially, Epictetus is saying that happiness is achieved through accepting dependence and vulnerability peacefully, rather than resisting. Others may have the power to take away your freedoms and your possessions, but whether these events negatively affect you is reliant only on your will. Though your favorite cup may fall and shatter, it is your own free will that chooses whether to dwell on the loss or to shrug your shoulders, say “such is life,” and move…