In southern Illinois in Collinsville, the largest prehistoric settlement north of Mexico can be found. This is the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site which is 4,000 acres. How Cahokia began and ended to this day is still considered a mystery. The people of Cahokia built more thank 120 earth mounds as landmarks, tombs, and ceremonial platforms. The largest of these mounds is Monks Mound. It covers more than 14 acres, and it once supported a 5,000-square-foot temple on top. Monks Mound is a flat top dirt pyramid which originally took between 15 and 20 billion pounds of soil to construct. This mound is bigger than and of the three great pyramids in Giza, Egypt. Today, Monks Mound has four distinct terraces. It is believed that the building at the summit was the residence for the leader of Cahokia. At the top of Monks Mound, a ruler could see nearly all of Cahokia. It would also be considered a symbol of authority, the governing ruler towering above all of the rest of the city. The amount of man hours needed to construct such a structure must have been astronomical. It is believed that Monks Mound was constructed in various phases over a two to three hundred period. The Cahokians did not have a written language to accompany their spoken one. By the time European settlers arrived in America, Cahokia was all but deserted. The name for Monks Mound comes from the French monks who settled there in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Without any record keeping, it is hard for some to believe that Cahokia possessed an organized government. Writing is generally seen as a prerequisite to the kind of record keeping needed for an organized government. Cahokia was an agricultural state and it crumbled nearly 700 years ago. One possible reason is malnutrition. Cahokian's diets lacked protein. Cahokia is believed to not have had many domestic animals so it would have been much harder for them to obtain sources of protein. Their main…
The Oregon Coast Range is composed of accreted oceanic sediments. The oldest rocks were formed during the Paleocene to the middle of the Eocene era. The rocks are gently folded and have a slight westward dip. As we walked out onto the Jetty, you could see how the waves came in at a slight angle rather than directly at the coast. Most of the rocks (particularly the smaller hand held size rocks) were jagged and triangular looking. This told me that these rocks came from a relatively close proximity. Also the pouring down rain and freezing cold told me that winter was here .…
On the incredible journey of Lewis and Clark many new animals were discovered. Maryweather Lewis was naturalist and explorer. He documented 11 birds, 11 mammals and 2 fish that were unknown to naturalists. He actually brought his trusty dog, Seaman along for the journey. Seaman was a 150 pound, big, black Newfoundland dog. He was very intelligent and was bought in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania for $20. What cost $20.00 in 1800 would cost $260.40 now; today $260 is the average you would pay for a Newfoundland puppy. Seaman helped the crew find new animals, sometimes he would have to protect them for bears or coyote's.…
Biscayne National Park was founded on June 28, 1980. The national park is about 270 miles large. This park includes coral reefs, islands, and mangrove forest in the Northern part of the Florida keys. Many dolphins, turtles, and pelicans live in the Biscayne Bay lagoon. The park is 95% water and the bay is the location of the mangrove forests. The park is about 172,971 acres and has one of the largest and the first true florida keys, Elliot Key..Biscayne National Park has four major ecosystems. The four ecosystems are: the shoreline mangrove swamps, the shallow waters of biscayne, the coral limestone keys and the offshore Florida reef. The shoreline swamps provide a home for the larval and juvenile jellyfish. The offline shore harbors more than…
Michael J. Lewis gave a lecture at Hillsdale college in Michigan in 2012 that was later adapted to the article “The Decline of American Monuments and Memorials.” This article was published by the college. The goal of article is to convince the audience that the recent generations of monuments and memorials are on a decline regarding their design and concept, and to inform readers the reason why the decline has occurred. Lewis has is PHD from the university of Pennsylvania. He is currently a professor at Williams College.…
Most prehistoric humans used caves as a means of protection from the elements of weather. Painting, drawing and carvings may have been a way of passing the time till a storm passed. It may have also been a way of making the cave as property, a “home” in those times.…
Compare and contrast the representation of caves in Olmec art and their actual use of caves like that of Oxtotitlan and Juxtlahuaca with the artificial cave under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. List any possible symbolic meanings of caves and their images. With what religious beliefs do they seem to be connected?…
Are you thinking about moving to the West, but not sure where to go? Well, you're in luck, you can choose between two different ways to get there! There is the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. They are both a little bumpy and tense right now. Great Britain and the government are still fighting over land boundaries, and people are demanding war. But, it should all clear out soon. The best route is to take the Santa Fe Trail. This trail was originally a trading route between the Mexican's and the…
Over the years, conversations of the topics of Plato’s writings arise. The teachings from Socrates of the “Parable of the Sun, Myth of the Cave and Divided Line” have become very popular to the world. So popular that it has an impact on the movie industry, the stories are hidden in some movies. More movies depict the stories” The Divided Line and The Myth of the Cave “ rather than “The Parable of the Sun.” The movie, eXistenZ, is an example of “The Myth of the Cave and The Divided Line”, since the stories are very similar. The movie has many similarities to “The Myth of the Cave”, but can correlate better to “The Divided Line” for more structure.…
The Forest Hill Formation is a geological area that mainly stretches from west-central to southeastern Mississippi, but thins right at the border of and barely touches Clarke County, Alabama (Echols, et al., 1893). Geologist Ephraim Nobel Lowe originally proposed the name Madison Sands for this formation, due to the fact that he had studied it in Madison County, Mississippi. The name was later changed to Forest Hill by Charles Wythe Cooke. The Forest Hill Formation overlies the Red Bluff Formation in eastern Mississippi and disconformably overlies the Yazoo Formation in western and central Mississippi (MacNeil, et al., 1984). In southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama this formation overlies the Red Bluff Clay and the…
A friend of yours would like to capture the adventures of Lewis and Clark in a video game, but she needs your help. She wants the game to be awarded Top 10 Kudos like Super Mario, Rock Band, and SimCity. Read all the directions first and follow them carefully to get this new expedition rolling.…
Oregon Trail was a route of wagon trains bringing settlers from all over the united sates to the Oregon or California in 1840 to 1860s. It is one of the most important events in the history of the United States. Unlike other trails like Santa Fe Trail, most of the pioneers in Oregon Trail were settlers rather than traders. Pioneers usually travelled in family groups rather than individually (The Overland Trail, page no. 503). The trail was the only appropriate route to get to the west coast. It was in 1843 when for the first time, about one thousand settlers made the trip at one time. The trip usually took about four to six months of time (Frontier trail). Independence and Missouri were the initiating place to start the trip. A Wagon, jument, food and clothing supply that would accommodate the family or the group travelling together for up to six months of the trail were gathered. Oxen were the first choice as a jument for the migration for the reason being that they were cheaper and could sustain extreme weather conditions. They were slow traveler but were strong, compliant and calm (The Oregon Trail). With the discovery of gold in California in 1848, about 30,000 pioneers travelled the trail by 1849 in search of gold and rich leading to a well contained and prosperous life. Travelling west via the trail was exclusively challenging. The travelling usually began sometime around April. Being summer time, the travelers had to deal with extreme weather conditions with hail stones, thunder storms, and lightening. There were times when people were killed because of lightening and due to hail stone almost the size of baseballs (Frontier Trail). Also another big obstacle in the journey was the issue of health and sanitation leading to several disease conditions amongst the travelers. Diseases like pneumonia, whooping cough, smallpox, measles, and cholera as a result of poor sanitation practices in cooking and food storage and also due to fluctuating weather conditions…
At first glance, Flatland shares a multitude of similarities with Plato’s Cave Image. The members of Flatland are shackled to the walls of their two dimensional reality by the bonds of their authoritative opinions on the concept of existence. When members of Flatland are able to transcend these bonds and escape the cave, they are greeted upon their return with either death or imprisonment. Consequently, the revelations that they have learned during their travels are often lost or discredited in order to preserve the status quo. Flatland also shares a multitude of similarities with our own society and the human condition as a whole. After all, modernity today has made reality exceedingly optional; and perhaps one of the most telling traits of humanity is that we consistently crucify Christ, excommunicate Copernicus and Luther, and pronounce…
The Oregon Trail is a well known event that happened in our history. However many people are unaware of the events that really happened along the way to Oregon, and what people had to go through in order to reach their destination in the West.…
Natural Landmarks * Ambuklao Dam, Bokod, Benguet * Anilao Dive spots, Bgy. Anilao, Mabini, Batangas * Apo Island, cited as one of the best diving spots in the world.[1] * Baguio City, Benguet (summer capital of the Philippines) * Banaue Rice Terraces, Banaue, Ifugao * Boracay Island, Balabag, Malay, Aklan * Bulusan, Sorsogon * Calamian group of islands, Palawan * Chocolate Hills, Carmen, Bohol * El Nido, Palawan * Hundred Islands National Park, Alaminos City, Pangasinan * Kennon Road, Tuba, Benguet * Laiya, San Juan, Batangas * Lake Caliraya, Lumban. Laguna * Mactan Island beaches, Lapu-Lapu City, Metro Cebu, Cebu * Manila Reclamation Area Seaside * Maria Cristina Falls, Iligan City, Mindanao…