Complex

Annotated Bibliography
Kaitlyn Blahnik
English 250
October 31, 2012

Annotated Bibliography

Alvarado, Carla S. et al. “The potential for community exposures to pathogens from an urban dairy.” Journal of Environmental Health 74.7 (2012): 22+. Print.
This journal describes a study shown in Mexico on the effect of feeding operations on cattle. Within the process it explains how the production rate of farms has gone up, but at the same time the number of overall farms has gone down. This is caused by the rising demand for meat products all over the world, causing the business to become more industrialized. The confinement of animals leads to disease and infection. This article provides statistics on the types of pathogens and the effect on the animals.

"Farm forward: against animal abuse in factory farming." Natural Foods Merchandiser Jan. 2010: 12+. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. http://galenet.galegroup.com/
This article starts by pointing out the philosophy that all life is connected, so when you treat a living thing bad, it in turn will harm other living thing, and in this case it is humans. It gives valuable statistics such as “unsustainable factory farms have grown to the point where they produce more than 99 percent of the domesticated farm animals raised to provide food in the United States.” It touches on industrial inhumanity, medicated food, and ways to reverse the trend.

Gilbert, Natasha. “Rules Tighten on Use of Antibiotics on Farms.” Nature 481.7380 (2012): 125–125. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
There has been rising concern that treating farm animals on farms with antibiotics to prevent disease cause harm to the humans who consume the meat. The FDA has taken action and put restrictions on the use of the antibiotics cephalosporins in animals to avoid forcing doctors to use different human antibiotics that will have a lesser effect and greater side effects. The FDA is also considering putting a restriction on the use of antimicrobial antibiotics, which are used to promote animal growth.

Hennessy, Christina. “Something to chew on: Artist takes viewers on a journey from farm to table.” McClatchy - Tribune Business News 6 Sept. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This article shows the journey of an objective person through the process of factory farming to how meat gets to the store. She talks about all of the chemicals and unnatural things that go into the food we consume. Her main goal is to show the “complexity of the agriculture business, from its environmental and ethical issues to the impact certain decisions have had on the health of farm animals, consumers and the planet

"Hillshire Brands Company Updates Sow Housing Position." Health & Beauty Close-Up 26 Sept. 2011. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.
This article describes Hillshire farms’ future plans of making sure that all of their meat providers raise their animals in clean and comfortable conditions. They have an “animal well-being program” to ensure that the animals are treated humanely. They have regulations set that providers must meet before doing business with the company.

Johnson, A. K. et al. “Comparison of Steer Behavior When Housed in a Deep-bedded Hoop Barn Versus an Open Feedlot with Shelter.” Journal of Animal Science 89.6 (2011): 1893–1898. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This shows a study of how the behavior of cattle is effected depending on if they live in a feedlot or a bedded hoop barn. It showed that steers in a feedlot spend more time standing and walking around than those in the hoop barn. Other than that difference, they found no others regarding eating and drinking habits and it was concluded that hoop barns are a perfectly fine substitution for open feed lots.

Lordon, Ian. “Breeding disease: antibiotic resistance in factory farms.” Briarpatch Oct. 2010 : 26+. Print.
Lordon begins by describing a “flesh eating” disease that was a big problem in Canada for a while. He goes on by explaining that the disease was most likely caused by the consumption of meat produced in large livestock industries. CIPARS, the Canadian health group has pointing their finger mainly at the antibiotic Ceftiofur which is injected into chicken eggs to prevent future disease. The article also provides alternatives to eating industrialized meat. They suggest supporting local trusted farms that don’t include the use of antibiotics in their raising process.

"Meats." Green Food: An A-to-Z Guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010. Credo Reference. 2 June 2010. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.credoreference.com/entry/greenfood/meats>.
This page provides information on five main points: the cultural and religious dimensions of meat consumption, the changing systems of production of meat, the politics of meat production and consumption, the environmental impacts of the production of meat, and nonconventional meat production. It explains that the demand of meat has drastically gone up, leading farmers to turn to more industrialized methods of raising the animals. These methods lead to unhealthy and under nourishing meat in America.

Stathopoulos, Anastasia S. "YOU ARE WHAT YOUR FOOD EATS: HOW REGULATION OF FACTORY FARM CONDITIONS COULD IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH AND ANIMAL WELFARE ALIKE." YOU ARE WHAT YOUR FOOD EATS: HOW REGULATION OF FACTORY FARM CONDITIONS COULD IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH AND ANIMAL WELFARE ALIKE. New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 2010. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.animallaw.info/articles/arus13nyujlegispubpoly407.htm>.
This website covers a lot of great information. It begins with talking about the current conditions on factory farms such as how the animals are treated, animal waste, and what they feed them. It then goes to describe how the conditions will affect human health when we consume the meat. It gives us risk of resisting antibiotics, cancer, and heart disease. Then the author provides suggestions on how to improve the situation to make the animals healthier and how it will make us healthier.

O’Donnell, Sarah, and Marty Klinkenberg. “From pasture to plate; How beef makes its long, potentially hazardous trip to reach your supper table.” Edmonton Journal 6 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This question in this article is the process that beef goes through before it reaches your table. This question was raised from a recent beef recall due to e coli. It begins with the cows being raised in a feed lot and being fed grain that will make them gain weight more quickly. When the cattle reach their appropriate weight they get inspected then are sent to a plant. The cow is then walked to the slaughterhouse and is prepared for shipment.

"Research and Markets Adds Report: Agriculture Livestock Production." Health & Beauty Close-Up 29 Apr. 2010. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.
This article provides details about farming in America. It lists the top companies who need livestock for their industry. Since the meat industry is driven my demand, there are two types of farming: Factory farms whose advantage is the high production rate, and small-scale farms whose advantage is the promotion of animals who are treated humanely and are hormone-free.

"Revisiting the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture." Environmental Nutrition Feb. 2012: 3+. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.
The author explains that giving antibiotics to animals may be a risk to humans who consume the meat from them. Antibiotics are given to the animals to compensate for their poor living conditions and to make them grow faster and larger. When humans consume these it builds up a resistance to antibiotics that are needed such as penicillin. The opposing view in the article says that the antibiotics help because they prevent animals from becoming diseased and eating diseased meat is worse than eating meat with antibiotics.

Schmidt, Charles W. "FDA proposes to ban cephalosporins from livestock feed." Environmental Health Perspectives 120.3 Mar. (2012): 106+. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012
This journal entry explains the opposing views of the use of certain antibiotics on farms raising animals. One side argues that the antibiotics help prevent the animals from getting diseases, while the other explains how the antibiotics will transfer through the meat during consumption and will cause harm to humans. Another view states that there isn’t enough information on the drug to even tell how it is effecting anything or anyone.

Schmidt, Charles W. “Swine CAFOs & novel H1N1 flu: separating facts from fears.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117.9 (2009): A394+. Print.
This article addresses the correlation between the H1N1 flu and swine factory farm facilities. It says that the reason it is such a problem is because when one gets infected, since the swine are confined into such small living space, it spreads very rapidly and effectively. The researchers also link the unsanitariness of the fecal matter to the spread of other disease.

Toldrá, Fidel, and Milagro Reig. “Innovations for Healthier Processed Meats.” Trends in Food Science & Technology 22.9 (2011): 517–522. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This article discusses the point that meat is usually automatically thought of as healthy and nutritious, however what most consumers don’t know is that there are many unhealthy things contained in it. They give specific examples of additives and probiotics contained in meat and why they are added. It also explains that the sodium content in processed food has greatly risen, which includes the meat industry.

Webster, Paul Christopher. “Crackdown on factory farm drug use urged.” CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 10 Jan. 2012 : E23+. Print.
This journal addresses the issue of the injection of antibiotics into farm animals by suggesting that we make regulations on farmers getting over-the-counter drugs. This will cause the farmers to get a veterinary inspection of the animals and a prescription for antibiotics if they are actually needed. There are two laws proposed to Congress currently and they are "The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act" and "The Strategies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance Act."

Bibliography: Alvarado, Carla S. et al. “The potential for community exposures to pathogens from an urban dairy.” Journal of Environmental Health 74.7 (2012): 22+. Print. Johnson, A. K. et al. “Comparison of Steer Behavior When Housed in a Deep-bedded Hoop Barn Versus an Open Feedlot with Shelter.” Journal of Animal Science 89.6 (2011): 1893–1898. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. "Revisiting the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture." Environmental Nutrition Feb. 2012: 3+. MeL.org. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. Schmidt, Charles W. “Swine CAFOs &amp; novel H1N1 flu: separating facts from fears.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117.9 (2009): A394+. Print. Toldrá, Fidel, and Milagro Reig. “Innovations for Healthier Processed Meats.” Trends in Food Science &amp; Technology 22.9 (2011): 517–522. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.