Computer Architecture Notes
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-1
Definition
• Computer Architecture deals with Structure and behaviour of computer including the information formats, the instruction sets and various techniques used for memory addressing. • Can be defined as functional operation of individual hardware units, the flow of information between them and conrol of these functions coherently and smoothly
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-2
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Computer Design
• Introduction
– Performance Improvement due to
(1). Advances in the technology (2). Innovation in computer design
– 1945-1970: (1) and (2) made a major contribution to performance improvement – 1970 ~ : 25% to 30% per year performance improvement for the mainframes and minicomputers. – 1975~ : 35% per year performance improvement for microprocessors simply due to (1).
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-3
Performance Growth for Micro-processors
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-4
Changes in the Marketplaces Made a Successful Architecture
• The virtual elimination of assembly language reduced the need for object code compatibility • The creation of standardized, vendor-independent operating system, such as Unix and Linux, lowered the cost and risk • Consequence of the changes
– Enable the development of RISCs to focus on
• Exploitation of instruction level parallelism • Use of caches
– Lead to 50% increase in performance per year
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-5
The Effect of the Growth rate in Computer Performance
• Significantly enhanced the capability available to computer users • Lead to the dominance of microprocessor-based computers across the entire range of computer design. – Workstations and PCs have emerged as major products. – Servers replace minicomputers. – Multiprocessors replace mainframe computers and
Rung-Bin Lin
1-1
Definition
• Computer Architecture deals with Structure and behaviour of computer including the information formats, the instruction sets and various techniques used for memory addressing. • Can be defined as functional operation of individual hardware units, the flow of information between them and conrol of these functions coherently and smoothly
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-2
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Computer Design
• Introduction
– Performance Improvement due to
(1). Advances in the technology (2). Innovation in computer design
– 1945-1970: (1) and (2) made a major contribution to performance improvement – 1970 ~ : 25% to 30% per year performance improvement for the mainframes and minicomputers. – 1975~ : 35% per year performance improvement for microprocessors simply due to (1).
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-3
Performance Growth for Micro-processors
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-4
Changes in the Marketplaces Made a Successful Architecture
• The virtual elimination of assembly language reduced the need for object code compatibility • The creation of standardized, vendor-independent operating system, such as Unix and Linux, lowered the cost and risk • Consequence of the changes
– Enable the development of RISCs to focus on
• Exploitation of instruction level parallelism • Use of caches
– Lead to 50% increase in performance per year
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design
Rung-Bin Lin
1-5
The Effect of the Growth rate in Computer Performance
• Significantly enhanced the capability available to computer users • Lead to the dominance of microprocessor-based computers across the entire range of computer design. – Workstations and PCs have emerged as major products. – Servers replace minicomputers. – Multiprocessors replace mainframe computers and