Conflict in Africa

INTRODUCTION TO LIT REVIEW This section of the study analyses literature on conflict, conflict system, and conflict management, mediation of internal conflicts, various peace process (Rwanda, Somalia, and Sudan, DRC, Uganda and Mozambique). Uganda and Mozambique will be the case studies. CONFLICT In his book, Stagner[1] presents conflict as a situation in which two or more parties desire goals which they perceive as being obtainable by one or the other but not both. The parties mobilize energy to obtain the goals, desired object or situation and each party perceives each other as a barrier or a threat to achieving those goals. Stagner presents two significant aspects of social conflicts. First, she presents conflict as being based on perception of parties to each other. The second aspect of conflict is that parties compete against each other and strive to acquire it all. These two aspects, perception of each other as enemy and seeking domination as strategy of achieving desired goals by the parties create conflict. According to Mwagiru[2] conflict is a consequence of the incompatibility of goals of different parties about a particular thing. Conflict transcend time and space. Therefore, it is inevitable in all social systems. Conflict have both destructive and constructive consequences.[3] Management efforts should be directed towards maximizing its potential benefits and minimizing its distractive consequences.[4] Conflict is a vehicle through which personal and societal values of security, welfares, justice and development opportunities can be realized.[5] Burton[6] is against suppression of conflict as such may render society static. He encourages conflicts to be accepted as a reality than be feared or avoided. This acceptance of conflicts as an inevitable reality calls for willingness to manage conflicts.

Mwagiru[7] notes that conflict is about non negotiable needs like recognition participation and dignity.[8] He

Bibliography: Armorn, J. et al,. “The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective” in Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives. Issue 3, London: Conciliation Resources, 1998. Audi, R. (General Editor). Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Bercovitch, J. and A. Houston. “The Study of International Mediation: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence” in J. Bercovitch (ed). Resolving International Conflict: The Theory and Practice of Mediation. London: Lynne Reinner Publ., 1996. Bercovitch, J. Social Conflicts and Third Parties; Strategies of Conflict Resolution. Boulder, Co; West view Press, 1984. Bercovitch,J. “International Mediation: A Study of the Incidences, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcome” in Cooperation and Conflict. Vol. 21, 1986. Beurden, J. V. “In a State of Permanent Conflict” in M. Mekenkamp et al (eds). Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities. Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention, 1999. Burton, J. W. World Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. Deng, F. and I. W. Zartman, “ Introduction” in F. Deng and I. W. Zartman (eds). Conflict Resolution in Africa. Washington: The Brooking Institution, 1991. Deutsch, K. W.” External Involvement in Internal War” in H. Eckstein (ed). Internal War: Problems and Approaches. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964. Dieke, K. “Conflicts and Conflict Resolution” in R. Wolfrum and C. Philip (eds). United Nations: Law Policies and Practices. Vol. 1, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publ., 1995. IPEP. Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide. Addis Ababa: OAU, 2000. Jones, B. “The Arusha Peace Process” in H. Adelman &A Suhrke (eds). The Path of Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis From Uganda to Zaire. London: Transaction Publishers, 1999. Kamudhayi, O. “The Somali Peace Process” in M. Mwagiru (ed). African Regional Security in the Age of Globalization. Nairobi: Heinrich Boll Foundation, 2004. Kapambwe, L. “The Position of Zambia” in M Baregu (ed). The Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Harare: Sapes Books, 1999. Kwaje, S. L. “The Sudan Peace Process: From Machakos to Naivasha” in M. Mwagiru. African Regional Security in the Age of Globalization. Nairobi: Heinrich Boll Foundation, 2004. Lund, M. S. “A Region at War” in M. Mekenkamp et al (eds). Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention, 1999. Magero, P. L. K. An Analysis of the Cross-Border Effects of Rwandese Refugees on Political Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region (1959-2000). MA Dissertation, Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi, 2006. Manning, C. L. The Politics of Peace in Mozambique: Post-Conflict Democratization, 1992-2000. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2002. Masiwa, N. “The Congo Wilderness” in I. Mandaza (ed). Reflection on the Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Harare: Sape Books, 1999. Mwagiru, M. “Beyond the OAU: Prospects For Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa” in Paradigms. Vol. 9 No, 2, Winter, 1995. Mwagiru, M. Community Based Approaches to Conflict in Kenya: Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management. Nairobi: GTZ. Kenya, 20001. Mwagiru, M. Conflict and Peace Management in the Horn of Africa: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives. Paper Presented at the International Resource Group Conference Mombasa, Kenya Nov. 6-9, 1996 (Revised 1998). Mwagiru, M. Conflict: Theory, Processes and Institutions of Management. Nairobi: Watermark, 2000. Mwagiru, M. “Internal Conflict and the Process of Mediation: The 1985 Uganda Peace Process” in East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1997. Mwagiru, M. The International Management of Internal Conflicts in Africa: the Uganda Mediation, 1985., PhD Dissertation, University of Kent at Canterbury, 1994. Mwagiru, M. Towards an Architecture of Peace and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa Conflict System. Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi – IDIS Working Paper No. 1, 1996. Nyongo, P. A. “Building Peace in Southern Sudan in a Region of Conflict: Lessons from the IGAD Region” in O. Ongalo. Winning the Peace and Starting Reconstruction in Southern Sudan. Nairobi: African Research and Resource Forum, 2004. Otunnu, O. “ An Historical Analysis of the Invasion by Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA)” in H. Adelman &A Suhrke (eds). The Path of Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis From Uganda to Zaire. London: Transaction Publishers, 1999. Otunnu, O. “Rwandese Refugees and Immigrants in Uganda” in H. Adelman &A Suhrke (eds). The Path of Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis From Uganda to Zaire. London: Transaction Publishers, 1999. Posthumus, B. “An End to an Imported War” in M. Mekenkamp et al (eds). Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management activities. Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention, 1999. Prunier, G. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Punungwe, G. “The SADC Organ on Politics, Defense & Security” in M Baregu (ed). Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Harare: Sapes Books, 1999. Rogier, E. “Inter-Congolese Dialogue: A Critical Overview” in M. Malan, and J. G. Porto (eds). Challenges of Peace Implementation : The UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies, 2004. Sindole, J. D. “Conflict Resolution: A Unique US Role For the 21st Century” in Electronic Journal, US Foreign Policy Agenda, Preventive Diplomacy, Vol. 1 No. 19 Dec. 1996. Solomon, H. “Analyzing Conflicts” in M. Mekenkamp et al (eds). Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities. Utrecht: European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation, 1999. Stagner, R. Psychological Aspects of International Conflict. Belmont, Calf.: Brooks/Cole, 1967. Tindigurukayo, J. K. “Uganda 1979-1985: Leadership in Transition” in Journal pf Modern African Studies. Vol. 26, 1988. Tooval, S. & I.W. Zartman “Introduction Mediation Theory” in S. Touval & I.W. Zartman (eds), International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder, Co.: Westview press, 1985. Tooval, S. & I.W. Zartman. “Introduction: Mediation in Theory” in S. Touval & I.W. Zartman (eds). International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder, Co.: Westview press, 1985. Vines, A. No Democracy Without Money. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1994.