coursenotes for cross cultural management
Cross cultural communication is defined by Gotland University as “a process of exchanging, negotiating, and mediating one 's cultural differences through language, non-verbal gestures, and space relationships.”
In business, cross cultural communication plays a critical role in successfully carrying out business with teams and stakeholders in other areas of the globe. When the communication is effective, everyone benefits from increased bandwidth, institutional
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Quantum Mechanics and Philosophy II: Measurement and Interpretations
Author: Thomas Metcalf
Category: Philosophy of Science
Word Count: 1000
Editor’s Note: This essay is the second in a series authored by Tom on the topic of quantum mechanics and philosophy.
I. Measurement
The story in the previous article in this series corresponds to real experiments about properties of microscopic particles.1 Recall that these experiments seem to show that particles can be partly in one position and partly in others, and that measuring their positions seems to change other properties about them. Thus there seems to be something very strange about measuring the properties of these particles.
Let’s talk about what happens, physically, when someone makes a measurement. Suppose you’ve flipped a coin at t1 and haven’t looked at the result yet; it’s apparently in a superposition2 of Heads and Tails.3 You’ll look at the result at t2. Here’s what an analogue of the Schrödinger equation would say about what happens:
t1: The coin is in a superposition: a combination of 50%-Heads and 50%-Tails. Then …
t2: You are in a superposition: a combination of 50%-observing-Heads and 50%-observing-Tails.
Of course, no one has ever seemed to find herself in a superposition of two observations.4
It turns out that there are roughly three5 things we could say as the physical story about what happens when you make the observation. When you look at the coin …
In business, cross cultural communication plays a critical role in successfully carrying out business with teams and stakeholders in other areas of the globe. When the communication is effective, everyone benefits from increased bandwidth, institutional
SKIP TO CONTENT
ESSAYS
ABOUT CONTACT
Quantum Mechanics and Philosophy II: Measurement and Interpretations
Author: Thomas Metcalf
Category: Philosophy of Science
Word Count: 1000
Editor’s Note: This essay is the second in a series authored by Tom on the topic of quantum mechanics and philosophy.
I. Measurement
The story in the previous article in this series corresponds to real experiments about properties of microscopic particles.1 Recall that these experiments seem to show that particles can be partly in one position and partly in others, and that measuring their positions seems to change other properties about them. Thus there seems to be something very strange about measuring the properties of these particles.
Let’s talk about what happens, physically, when someone makes a measurement. Suppose you’ve flipped a coin at t1 and haven’t looked at the result yet; it’s apparently in a superposition2 of Heads and Tails.3 You’ll look at the result at t2. Here’s what an analogue of the Schrödinger equation would say about what happens:
t1: The coin is in a superposition: a combination of 50%-Heads and 50%-Tails. Then …
t2: You are in a superposition: a combination of 50%-observing-Heads and 50%-observing-Tails.
Of course, no one has ever seemed to find herself in a superposition of two observations.4
It turns out that there are roughly three5 things we could say as the physical story about what happens when you make the observation. When you look at the coin …
References: Albert, David Z. (1992). Quantum Mechanics and Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bell, John. (1964). “On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox.” Physics 1: 195-200. Bohm, David and Basil J. Hiley. (1993). The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory. Oxford and New York: Routledge. Bohr, Niels. (1987a). The Philosophical Writings of Niels Bohr, Vol. I: Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature. Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press. ———-. (1987b). The Philosophical Writings of Niels Bohr, Vol. II: Essays 1932-1957 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press. ———-. (1987c). The Philosophical Writings of Niels Bohr, Vol. III: Essays 1958-1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press. De Witt, Bryce Seligman. (1970). “Quantum Mechanics and Reality,” Physics Today 23(9): 30-35. Everett, Hugh. (1957). “Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics,” Review of Modern Physics 29: 454-62. Greene, Brian. (2011). The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos. New York: Random House. Haramia, Chelsea. (2014). “Free Will and Moral Responsibility.” In Andrew Chapman (ed.) 1000-Word Philosophy, URL = Hoefer, Carl Ismael, Jenann. (2014). “Quantum Mechanics.” In Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 edition), URL = Murch, K Nagashima, Jonah. (2014). “Free Will and Free Choice.” In Andrew Chapman (ed.), 1000-Word Philosophy, URL = O’Connell, A Polkinghorne, John. (2002). Quantum Theory: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. for cultural components Posted @ Thursday, February 06, 2014 12:09 AM by Wanda (Mohammad Shaiful, 2011) Definition (Communispond , 2014)