Cpx Envelope Stress Analysis

A gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli protect its cells from stresses that cause the misfolding of proteins, which are later secreted across the cytoplasmic membrane (Raivio et al., 2013). In response to the secretion of misfolded proteins, gram-negative bacteria use two major envelope stress responses (Raivio et al., 2013). One of the envelope stress responses is the Cpx envelope stress response and it is activated by a diverse set of inducing signals, such as alkaline pH, chloride ions, copper, mutations that affect the folding of proteins in the periplasm, the overexpression of misfolded and aggregated periplasmic proteins at the inner membrane, and attachment to abiotic surfaces (Raivio et al., 2013). These signals are expected