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critical age
Age and the Acquisition of English as a Foreign Language

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Series Editor: Professor David Singleton, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
This new series will bring together titles dealing with a variety of aspects of language acquisition and processing in situations where a language or languages other than the native language is involved. Second language will thus be interpreted in its broadest possible sense. The volumes included in the series will all in their different ways offer, on the one hand, exposition and discussion of empirical findings and, on the other, some degree of theoretical reflection. In this latter connection, no particular theoretical stance will be privileged in the series; nor will any relevant perspective – sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic, etc. – be deemed out of place. The intended readership of the series will be final-year undergraduates working on second language acquisition projects, postgraduate students involved in second language acquisition research, and researchers and teachers in general whose interests include a second language acquisition component.
Other Books in the Series
Effects of Second Language on the First
Vivian Cook (ed.)
Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage
Pragmatics
Machiko Achiba
Portraits of the L2 User
Vivian Cook (ed.)
Other Books of Interest
Audible Difference: ESL and Social Identity in Schools
Jennifer Miller
Context and Culture in Language Teaching and Learning
Michael Byram and Peter Grundy (eds)
Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition
J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen and U. Jessner (eds)
Developing Intercultural Competence in Practice
Michael Byram, Adam Nichols and David Stevens (eds)
English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language
Jasone Cenoz and Ulrike Jessner (eds)
How Different Are We? Spoken Discourse in Intercultural Communication
Helen Fitzgerald
Language and Society



References: Altemberg, E.P. and Vago, R.M. (1983) Theoretical implications of an error analysis of second language phonology production Asher, J. and García, R. (1969) The optimal age to learn a foreign language. Modern Language Journal 53, 334–41. Best, C.T. (1994) The emergence of native-language phonological influences in infants: A perceptual assimilation model Blanco, M., Gayoso, E. and Carrillo, M. (1997) Phonological and metaphonological training and its influence on the learning of pronunciation, reading and writing of Bohn O.S. and Flege, J.E. (1992) The production of new and similar vowels by adult German learners of English Bongaerts, T. (1999) Ultimate attainment in L2 Pronunciation: The case of very advanced late L2 learners Bongaerts, T., Planken, B. and Schils, E. (1995) Can late learners attain a native accent in a foreign language? A test of the Critical Period Hypothesis Bongaerts, T., van Summeren, C., Planken, B. and Schils, E. (1997) Age and ultimate attainment in the pronunciation of a foreign language Burstall, C. (1975) Factors affecting foreign-language learning: A consideration of some recent search findings Carlisle, R.S. (1994) Markedness and environment as internal constraints on the variability of interlanguage phonology. In M. Yavas (ed.) First and Second Language Phonology Cenoz, J. and García Lecumberri, M. L. (1999a) The acquisition of English pronunciation: Learners’ views. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 9, 3–17. Cenoz, J. and García Lecumberri, M. L. (1999b) The effect of training on the discrimination of English vowels. International Review of Applied Linguistics 37( 4), 261–75. Cook, V. (1991) Second Language Learning and Languge Teaching. London: Edward Arnold. Cook, V. (1995) Multicompetence and effects of age. In D.Singleton and Z. Lengyel (eds) The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition (pp Cummins, J. (1981) Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada: A reassessment Cummins, J. and Swain, M. (1986) Bilingualism in Education. London: Longman. Eckman, F. R. (1977) Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning 27, 315–30. Ellis, R. (1994) The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Flege, J.E. (1992) Speech learning in a second language. In C. Ferguson, L. Menn and C. Flege, J.E. (1999) Age of learning and second language speech. In D. Birdsong (ed.) Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (pp Flege, J.E., Bohn, O.S., and Jang, S. (1997a) Effects of experience on non-native speakers´ production and perception of English vowels Flege, J.E., Frieda, E.M. and Nozawa, T. (1997b) Amount of native language use affects the pronunciation of an L2 Flege, J.E., Munro M.J. and MacKay, I.R. (1995) Effects of age of second language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication 16, 1–26. Fox, R.A., Flege, J.E. and Munro, M.J. (1995) The perception of English and Spanish vowels by native English and Spanish listeners: A multidimensional scaling analysis Fullana, N. and Muñoz, C. (1999) The development of auditory discrimination skills in EFL learners of different ages García Lecumberri, M.L. and Cenoz, J. (1997) Identification by L2 learners of English vowels in different phonetic contexts García Lecumberri, M.L. and Cenoz, J. (2003) Phonetic context variation vs. vowel perception in a foreign language. In A. Braun & H.R. Masthoff (eds.) Festschrift for Professor Koester García Lecumberri, M.L. and Elorduy, A. (1994) Sistema fonológico de la lengua inglesa: I, II y III Guiora, A., Acton, W., Erard, R. and Strickland, F. (1980) The effects of benzodiazepine (valium) on permeability of ego boundaries Hammarberg, B. (1990) Conditions on transfer in second language phonology acquisition. In J. Leather and A. James (eds) New Sounds 90: Proceedings of the 1990 Amsterdam Symposium on the Acquisition of Second-Language Speech (pp Harris, M. and Coltheart, M. (1986) Language Processing in Children and Adults: An Introduction House, A.S. and Fairbanks, G. (1953) The influence of consonant environment upon the secondary acoustical characteristics of vowels Ioup, G. (1984) Is there a structural foreign accent? A comparison of syntactic and phonological errors in second language acquisition. Language Learning 34, 1–17.

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