culture and organization
Cultures and
Organizations
Software of the mind
Geert Hofstede
Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation
(IRIC)
University of Limburg at Maastricht,
The Netherlands
MpGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
London • New York • St Louis • San Francisco • Auckland • Bogota • Caracas
Lisbon • Madrid • Mexico • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi • Panama
Paris • San Juan • Sao Paulo • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto
Contents
Published by
McGRAW-HILL Book Company Europe
Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England
Telephone 01628 23432
Fax 01628 770224
Preface
A guide through this book
Part I
1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Hofstede, Geert
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind.
1. Culture. Related to Organizations
I. Title
306
ISBN 0-07-707474-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hofstede, Geert H.
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind / Geert Hofstede.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-707474-2
1. Intercultural communication. 2. Organization—Research.
3. International cooperation. 4. National characteristics.
5. Ethnopsychology. I. Title.
HM258.H574 1991
306—dc20
McGraw-Hill
A Division ofTheMcGraW'HiuCompames
Copyright © 1991 McGraw-Hill International (UK) Limited.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of McGraw-Hill International (UK) Limited.
11BL96
Typeset by Paston Press, Loddon, Norfolk and pnnted and bound in Great Britain by
Biddies Limited, Guildford and King's Lynn
Printed on permanent paper in compliance with ISO Standard 9706
Introduction
Levels of culture
Different minds but common problems
Culture as mental programming
Cultural relativism
Symbols, heroes, rituals, and values
Layers of
Organizations
Software of the mind
Geert Hofstede
Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation
(IRIC)
University of Limburg at Maastricht,
The Netherlands
MpGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
London • New York • St Louis • San Francisco • Auckland • Bogota • Caracas
Lisbon • Madrid • Mexico • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi • Panama
Paris • San Juan • Sao Paulo • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto
Contents
Published by
McGRAW-HILL Book Company Europe
Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England
Telephone 01628 23432
Fax 01628 770224
Preface
A guide through this book
Part I
1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Hofstede, Geert
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind.
1. Culture. Related to Organizations
I. Title
306
ISBN 0-07-707474-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hofstede, Geert H.
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind / Geert Hofstede.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-707474-2
1. Intercultural communication. 2. Organization—Research.
3. International cooperation. 4. National characteristics.
5. Ethnopsychology. I. Title.
HM258.H574 1991
306—dc20
McGraw-Hill
A Division ofTheMcGraW'HiuCompames
Copyright © 1991 McGraw-Hill International (UK) Limited.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of McGraw-Hill International (UK) Limited.
11BL96
Typeset by Paston Press, Loddon, Norfolk and pnnted and bound in Great Britain by
Biddies Limited, Guildford and King's Lynn
Printed on permanent paper in compliance with ISO Standard 9706
Introduction
Levels of culture
Different minds but common problems
Culture as mental programming
Cultural relativism
Symbols, heroes, rituals, and values
Layers of