Culture Shock
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 14: 105-119, 1991.
© 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
C ross-cultural transitions and wellness:
D ealing with culture shock
MICHAEL KIM ZAPF
Faculty of Social Work, The University of Calgary, Edmonton Division
Abstract. Cross-cultural communication has emerged as a major concern for the helping professions in our multicultural society. Much has been written about recognizing the cultural biases inherent in all problem-solving and development models as well as improving communication between cultural groups. There are some situations, however, where culture itself is the problem rather than simply a communication obstacle to be overcome between client and worker.
Counsellors may encounter persons who have been uprooted and transplanted, victims of culture shock, 'casualties of intercultural mobility' (Draguns, 1981, p. 11). This paper examines the unavoidable stress experienced when a person moving to a new culture finds that familiar cues from home are suddenly replaced with strange, ambiguous, and unpredictable cues in the new setting. A
' U-Curve' pattern of adjustment is offered as a conceptual framework for understanding the stressful period of adjustment in a new culture, and several predictor variables are advanced which may influence the degree of culture shock and recovery reported by individuals. The paper concludes with an overview of strategies for wellness, suggestions for promoting adjustment and learning in a new culture.
Culture
M o r e t h a n s i m p l y a set o f c u s t o m s , c u l t u r e c o n s t i t u t e s a w a y f u l l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f o r g a n i z i n g life, o f t h i n k i n g a n d o f c o n c e i v i n g t h e u n d e r l y i n g p o s t u l a t e s o f the p r i n c i p a l h u m a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , o f r e l a t i n g to a n d i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h o t h e r i n t e l l i g e n t h
© 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
C ross-cultural transitions and wellness:
D ealing with culture shock
MICHAEL KIM ZAPF
Faculty of Social Work, The University of Calgary, Edmonton Division
Abstract. Cross-cultural communication has emerged as a major concern for the helping professions in our multicultural society. Much has been written about recognizing the cultural biases inherent in all problem-solving and development models as well as improving communication between cultural groups. There are some situations, however, where culture itself is the problem rather than simply a communication obstacle to be overcome between client and worker.
Counsellors may encounter persons who have been uprooted and transplanted, victims of culture shock, 'casualties of intercultural mobility' (Draguns, 1981, p. 11). This paper examines the unavoidable stress experienced when a person moving to a new culture finds that familiar cues from home are suddenly replaced with strange, ambiguous, and unpredictable cues in the new setting. A
' U-Curve' pattern of adjustment is offered as a conceptual framework for understanding the stressful period of adjustment in a new culture, and several predictor variables are advanced which may influence the degree of culture shock and recovery reported by individuals. The paper concludes with an overview of strategies for wellness, suggestions for promoting adjustment and learning in a new culture.
Culture
M o r e t h a n s i m p l y a set o f c u s t o m s , c u l t u r e c o n s t i t u t e s a w a y f u l l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f o r g a n i z i n g life, o f t h i n k i n g a n d o f c o n c e i v i n g t h e u n d e r l y i n g p o s t u l a t e s o f the p r i n c i p a l h u m a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , o f r e l a t i n g to a n d i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h o t h e r i n t e l l i g e n t h