Date Rape Research Paper
Date rape drug
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date rape drug refers to any drug that can be used to assist in the commission of a sexual assault (date rape). The term originated in journalism and has no strict scientific or legal definition, because a wide variety of drugs can be used to incapacitate a person, and all of them have sometimes been taken willingly by people in other situations. Drugs used to facilitate rape may have sedative, hypnotic, dissociative, and/or amnesiac effects, and may be added to a food or drink without the victim's knowledge. One study of 75 patients, mostly women, who told doctors their drinks had been tampered with in pubs or clubs, suggested that in fact the patients had been rendered helpless by binge …show more content…
drinking.[1]
|Contents |
| [hide] |
|1 Types of drugs |
|1.1 Alcohol |
|1.2 Benzodiazepines |
|1.3 GHB/GBL/1,4 BDO |
|1.4 Other drugs |
|2 Dangers |
|3 See also |
|4 References |
|5 External links |
[edit]Types of drugs
Two drugs often referred to as date-rape drugs are GHB, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and benzodiazepines (such as flunitrazepam, also known as Rohypnol or "roofies"); however, an American study showed that alcohol still remains the drug most frequently implicated in substance-assisted sexual assault.[2]
[edit]Alcohol
Alcohol remains the most commonly used date rape drug because it is legal and readily available[3]. Many assailants use alcohol because their victims often willingly imbibe it, and can be encouraged to drink enough to lose inhibitions or consciousness. Even if the victim agrees to sex, the act may be considered rape if the victim's judgment was impaired or incapacitated by alcohol. Some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much [4]. A study in the UK found that only 2 percent of a pool of 1,014 rape victims had their drinks spiked with sedatives.[5][6]
[edit]Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are drugs used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, and several other conditions. Some benzodiazepines used to treat insomnia possess powerful sedative, motor-impairing, and strong amnestic properties. Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), temazepam (Restoril), and midazolam are the three benzodiazepines most commonly used to facilitate date rape; all three are hypnotic benzodiazepines.[7] Flunitrazepam and temazepam are of particular interest because they are readily soluble in ethanol, and in flunitrazepam's case, it is the benzodiazepine most frequently associated with date rape. Rohypnol is not approved for use in the United States and its importation is banned.[8]
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse:
"Rohypnol can incapacitate victims and prevent them from resisting sexual assault.
It can produce "anterograde amnesia," which means that individuals may not remember events they experienced while under the effects of the drug."[8] The sedative effects of Rohypnol begin to appear approximately 15 to 20 minutes after the drug is ingested. The effects typically last from four to eight hours after administration of the drug, but some cases have been reported in which the effects were experienced for twelve or more hours after administration. In recent news, it has been discovered that scientists can now detect flunitrazepam and related compounds in urine at least up to[clarification needed] five days or in hair up to a month after administration of a single dose of Rohypnol.[9]
[edit]GHB/GBL/1,4 BDO Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has effects that are very similar to those of alcohol. According to the Drug Enforcement …show more content…
Administration:
"Victims may not be aware that they ingested a drug at all. GHB and its analogues are invisible when dissolved in water, and are odorless. They are somewhat saltish in taste, but are indiscernible when dissolved in beverages such as soft drinks, liquor, or beer."[10] However, the amount of saltiness one tastes varies depending on one's sodium intake [11].
"GHB is, in fact, quite salty. When mixed in a drink, it ruins the drink (like dumping bicarb into a drink)."[12]. Common recreational doses of GHB are in the range of 1.8 to 2.7 grams, a large amount compared with most other sedative drugs, which can be active in amounts measured in milligrams. Doses required to induce complete sedation are even higher in most individuals. This makes detection of a drink tainted with GHB more likely and makes use of GHB to spike drinks considerably more difficult.
The prodrugs GBL and 1,4 Butanediol (1,4 BD or BDO) were used to bypass GHB restriction laws. In the human body the analogs are rapidly converted into GHB. Under US federal law, GBL and other analogs are covered and treated the same as GHB, when used for human consumption. Several people have died after consuming GHB or its analogs, often in combination with alcohol or other sedatives, which multiply its effect.
[edit]Other drugs ▪ Chloral hydrate produces a sedative/hypnotic effect similar to that of benzodiazepines. A drink that has been spiked with chloral hydrate is often called a Mickey Finn.
[edit]Dangers
Respiratory depression, coma, and death are unpredictable possibilities when someone unknowingly takes a date rape drug, especially in large doses or in combination with alcohol. There are many factors that can leave someone unpredictably vulnerable. The person may have an unknown allergy to the drug. They may be taking one of several common prescription medicines which have dangerous reactions with date rape drugs. Also, a portion of the population has variations in the enzymes which metabolize the drug, resulting in an unpredictably amplified response to the drug.
It is imperative that any investigation into the suspected use of date rape drugs involve an immediate blood test, as waiting too long to test for the presence of drugs may cause false negatives, because these drugs are quickly metabolized and eliminated by the body. Trying to deduce from the symptoms whether or not date rape drugs have been used can cause false positives.
Testing kits that claim to detect GHB, ketamine, and benzodiazepines such as Rohypnol in seconds are commercially available under names such as The Drink Detective. Companies around the world are making or trying to make paper coasters or test strips that change color when dabbed with a drink doctored with a date rape drug.[13][14] In most countries, whether or not a drug was used is irrelevant to the issue of whether a particular incident is rape or not. The legal definition of rape in countries such as the United States also covers a lack of consent when the victim is unable to say "no" to intercourse, whether the effect is due to drugging or simply alcohol consumption.[15]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Date rape drug refers to any drug that can be used to assist in the commission of a sexual assault (date rape). The term originated in journalism and has no strict scientific or legal definition, because a wide variety of drugs can be used to incapacitate a person, and all of them have sometimes been taken willingly by people in other situations. Drugs used to facilitate rape may have sedative, hypnotic, dissociative, and/or amnesiac effects, and may be added to a food or drink without the victim's knowledge. One study of 75 patients, mostly women, who told doctors their drinks had been tampered with in pubs or clubs, suggested that in fact the patients had been rendered helpless by binge …show more content…
drinking.[1]
|Contents |
| [hide] |
|1 Types of drugs |
|1.1 Alcohol |
|1.2 Benzodiazepines |
|1.3 GHB/GBL/1,4 BDO |
|1.4 Other drugs |
|2 Dangers |
|3 See also |
|4 References |
|5 External links |
[edit]Types of drugs
Two drugs often referred to as date-rape drugs are GHB, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and benzodiazepines (such as flunitrazepam, also known as Rohypnol or "roofies"); however, an American study showed that alcohol still remains the drug most frequently implicated in substance-assisted sexual assault.[2]
[edit]Alcohol
Alcohol remains the most commonly used date rape drug because it is legal and readily available[3]. Many assailants use alcohol because their victims often willingly imbibe it, and can be encouraged to drink enough to lose inhibitions or consciousness. Even if the victim agrees to sex, the act may be considered rape if the victim's judgment was impaired or incapacitated by alcohol. Some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much [4]. A study in the UK found that only 2 percent of a pool of 1,014 rape victims had their drinks spiked with sedatives.[5][6]
[edit]Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are drugs used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, and several other conditions. Some benzodiazepines used to treat insomnia possess powerful sedative, motor-impairing, and strong amnestic properties. Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), temazepam (Restoril), and midazolam are the three benzodiazepines most commonly used to facilitate date rape; all three are hypnotic benzodiazepines.[7] Flunitrazepam and temazepam are of particular interest because they are readily soluble in ethanol, and in flunitrazepam's case, it is the benzodiazepine most frequently associated with date rape. Rohypnol is not approved for use in the United States and its importation is banned.[8]
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse:
"Rohypnol can incapacitate victims and prevent them from resisting sexual assault.
It can produce "anterograde amnesia," which means that individuals may not remember events they experienced while under the effects of the drug."[8] The sedative effects of Rohypnol begin to appear approximately 15 to 20 minutes after the drug is ingested. The effects typically last from four to eight hours after administration of the drug, but some cases have been reported in which the effects were experienced for twelve or more hours after administration. In recent news, it has been discovered that scientists can now detect flunitrazepam and related compounds in urine at least up to[clarification needed] five days or in hair up to a month after administration of a single dose of Rohypnol.[9]
[edit]GHB/GBL/1,4 BDO Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has effects that are very similar to those of alcohol. According to the Drug Enforcement …show more content…
Administration:
"Victims may not be aware that they ingested a drug at all. GHB and its analogues are invisible when dissolved in water, and are odorless. They are somewhat saltish in taste, but are indiscernible when dissolved in beverages such as soft drinks, liquor, or beer."[10] However, the amount of saltiness one tastes varies depending on one's sodium intake [11].
"GHB is, in fact, quite salty. When mixed in a drink, it ruins the drink (like dumping bicarb into a drink)."[12]. Common recreational doses of GHB are in the range of 1.8 to 2.7 grams, a large amount compared with most other sedative drugs, which can be active in amounts measured in milligrams. Doses required to induce complete sedation are even higher in most individuals. This makes detection of a drink tainted with GHB more likely and makes use of GHB to spike drinks considerably more difficult.
The prodrugs GBL and 1,4 Butanediol (1,4 BD or BDO) were used to bypass GHB restriction laws. In the human body the analogs are rapidly converted into GHB. Under US federal law, GBL and other analogs are covered and treated the same as GHB, when used for human consumption. Several people have died after consuming GHB or its analogs, often in combination with alcohol or other sedatives, which multiply its effect.
[edit]Other drugs ▪ Chloral hydrate produces a sedative/hypnotic effect similar to that of benzodiazepines. A drink that has been spiked with chloral hydrate is often called a Mickey Finn.
[edit]Dangers
Respiratory depression, coma, and death are unpredictable possibilities when someone unknowingly takes a date rape drug, especially in large doses or in combination with alcohol. There are many factors that can leave someone unpredictably vulnerable. The person may have an unknown allergy to the drug. They may be taking one of several common prescription medicines which have dangerous reactions with date rape drugs. Also, a portion of the population has variations in the enzymes which metabolize the drug, resulting in an unpredictably amplified response to the drug.
It is imperative that any investigation into the suspected use of date rape drugs involve an immediate blood test, as waiting too long to test for the presence of drugs may cause false negatives, because these drugs are quickly metabolized and eliminated by the body. Trying to deduce from the symptoms whether or not date rape drugs have been used can cause false positives.
Testing kits that claim to detect GHB, ketamine, and benzodiazepines such as Rohypnol in seconds are commercially available under names such as The Drink Detective. Companies around the world are making or trying to make paper coasters or test strips that change color when dabbed with a drink doctored with a date rape drug.[13][14] In most countries, whether or not a drug was used is irrelevant to the issue of whether a particular incident is rape or not. The legal definition of rape in countries such as the United States also covers a lack of consent when the victim is unable to say "no" to intercourse, whether the effect is due to drugging or simply alcohol consumption.[15]