Defeated Expectancy
Defeated Expectancy and Devices Based on It Defeated expectancy is a principle considered by some linguists (Jacobson, Riffaterre) as the basic principle of a stylistic function. Defeated expectancy (this term belongs to R. Jacobson) or deviation is one of the basic types of foregrounding; it undoubtedly violates definite, established order of semantic space of the literary text, so it violates the information that was laid in the text in advance by the author and it can be represented through various stylistic devices. The linear organization of the text mentally prepares the reader for the consequential and logical development of ideas. The normal arrangement of the text both in form and content is based on its predictability which means that the appearance of any element in the text is prepared by the preceding arrangement and choice of elements, e. g. the subject of the sentence will normally be followed by the predicate. The clash between the perfectly rounded phrase and empty content creates a humorous effect and shows at the same time how powerful are the inherent laws of syntagmatic arrangement. Without predictability there would be no coherence and no decoding. Defeated expectancy may come up on any level of the language. Among devices that are based on this principle we can name pun, zeugma, paradox, oxymoron, irony, anti-climax, etc.
A Pun is a joke that makes a play on words. A pun, also called paronomasia uses words that have several meanings or words that sound similar but have different meanings. The general formula for the pun is: “A equals B and C”. Examples of the pun are the following: When a woman returns new clothing, that 's post traumatic dress syndrome. Where do you find giant snails? On the ends of giants’ fingers. A bicycle can 't stand on its own because it is two-tired.
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a word, usually a
A Pun is a joke that makes a play on words. A pun, also called paronomasia uses words that have several meanings or words that sound similar but have different meanings. The general formula for the pun is: “A equals B and C”. Examples of the pun are the following: When a woman returns new clothing, that 's post traumatic dress syndrome. Where do you find giant snails? On the ends of giants’ fingers. A bicycle can 't stand on its own because it is two-tired.
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a word, usually a
References: The Course of Stylistics (The Reader for Seminars) http://scaspee.com/6/post/2013/10/defeated-expectancy-in-the-semantic-structure-of-the-literary-text-davydyuk-yu-b.html http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-puns.html http://literarydevices.net/zeugma/ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oxymoron http://fos.iloveindia.com/oxymoron-examples.html http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/irony http://literarydevices.net/irony/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27876/anticlimax