Defining Utilitarianism
1. Define Ethics
-the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy; the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc.
-Ethics can be one of two things: it can be something that you study and think about, or it can be a code that you follow and live by. Thus, it would seem that the definition of ethics is a code determined by what is "right" and "wrong." Ethics also refers to a code of conduct that guides an individual in dealing with others.
-Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. 2. Define Moral
-relating to, dealing with, or capable of making the distinction between right and wrong in conduct. 3. Differentiate the two
Ethics = a set of good values commonly or …show more content…
academically or juridically or worldly agreed by the men (human being) using sense and appropriateness.
Moral = a set of good values that is rather spiritual suggested/agreed by one's religious belief. 4. Traits of moral principle- are practical action guide
Five Morel Principle 1. Utilitarianism 2. Rights 3. Distributive Justice 4. Ethics of Care 5. Virtue Ethics
Five Features 1. Prescriptivity 2. Universalizability 3. Overridingness 4. Publicity 5. Practicability 5. Why is professional ethics important?
Because, Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public
Ethics is important because it is concerned with right and wrong and how conduct should be judged to be good or bad. Professional Ethics is important in all aspects of life because it is the vital part and the foundation on which the society is build. A business/society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. Making the right decision based on the code of conduct is very important. The consequences of professional misconduct, on the other hand, can lead to a loss of reputation, a fine, or even a jail sentence. 6. Why are ethics relative?
Ethics are relative because morals and values change from time to time and culture to culture, there can be no solid basis for praising anything as “right” and another “wrong”, seeing as how the same action will be viewed differently when considered from different points of view. 7.
Define Utilitarianism
-Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy, generally operating on the principle that the utility (happiness or satisfaction) of different people can not only be measured but also meaningfully summed over people and that utility comparisons between people are meaningful.
-Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome 8. Happiness is the ultimate basis ofmorality
-Fundamental Principle of Morality is the Principle of Utility, or Greatest Happiness Principle: pick the course of action that is most likely to produce the greatest good (satisfaction, pleasure, happiness) of the greatest number of people.
The utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. Happiness is the ultimate end (in the sense of “goal” or “purpose”), then it, and only it, should serve as the basis for morality. 9. Immanuel Kant-
(1724-1804)
Immanuel Kant was born in the East Prussian city of Königsberg, studied at its university, and worked there as a tutor and professor for more than forty years, never travelling more than fifty miles from home. Although his outward life was one of legendary calm and regularity, Kant's intellectual work easily justified his own claim to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy. Beginning with his Inaugural Dissertation (1770) on the difference between right- and left-handed spatial orientations, Kant patiently worked out the most comprehensive and influential philosophical programme of the modern era. His central thesis—that the possibility of human knowledge presupposes the active participation of the human mind—is deceptively simple, but the details of its application are notoriously complex.
Kant’s Duty Ethics- for Kant, the morally important thing is not consequences but the way choosers think when they make choices. Kant says that only one [kind of] thing is inherently good, and that is the good will.
The will * found in humans but not nonhuman animals * not a material thing * it is our power of rational moral choice * its presence gives humans their inherent dignity
What makes the will good? The will is good when it acts out of duty, not out of inclination. What does it mean to act out of inclination? To do something because it makes you feel good or because you hope to gain something from it.
What does it mean to act out of duty? Kant says this means that we should act from respect for the moral law.
How do we do that? We must know what the moral law is.
How do we know that? We use the "Categorical Imperative."
Duty-based or Deontological ethics
Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions. * Do the right thing. * Do it because it's the right thing to do. * Don't do wrong things. * Avoid them because they are wrong.
Under this form of ethics you can't justify an action by showing that it produced good consequences, which is why it's sometimes called 'non-Consequentialist'.
The word 'deontological' comes from the Greek word deon, which means 'duty'.
Duty-based ethics are usually what people are talking about when they refer to 'the principle of the thing'.
Duty-based ethics teaches that some acts are right or wrong because of the sorts of things they are, and people have a duty to act accordingly, regardless of the good or bad consequences that may be produced.
Deontologists live in a universe of moral rules, such as: * It is wrong to kill innocent people * It is wrong to steal * It is wrong to tell lies * It is right to keep promises
ethical principals that various codes address
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
-the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy; the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc.
-Ethics can be one of two things: it can be something that you study and think about, or it can be a code that you follow and live by. Thus, it would seem that the definition of ethics is a code determined by what is "right" and "wrong." Ethics also refers to a code of conduct that guides an individual in dealing with others.
-Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. 2. Define Moral
-relating to, dealing with, or capable of making the distinction between right and wrong in conduct. 3. Differentiate the two
Ethics = a set of good values commonly or …show more content…
academically or juridically or worldly agreed by the men (human being) using sense and appropriateness.
Moral = a set of good values that is rather spiritual suggested/agreed by one's religious belief. 4. Traits of moral principle- are practical action guide
Five Morel Principle 1. Utilitarianism 2. Rights 3. Distributive Justice 4. Ethics of Care 5. Virtue Ethics
Five Features 1. Prescriptivity 2. Universalizability 3. Overridingness 4. Publicity 5. Practicability 5. Why is professional ethics important?
Because, Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public
Ethics is important because it is concerned with right and wrong and how conduct should be judged to be good or bad. Professional Ethics is important in all aspects of life because it is the vital part and the foundation on which the society is build. A business/society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. Making the right decision based on the code of conduct is very important. The consequences of professional misconduct, on the other hand, can lead to a loss of reputation, a fine, or even a jail sentence. 6. Why are ethics relative?
Ethics are relative because morals and values change from time to time and culture to culture, there can be no solid basis for praising anything as “right” and another “wrong”, seeing as how the same action will be viewed differently when considered from different points of view. 7.
Define Utilitarianism
-Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy, generally operating on the principle that the utility (happiness or satisfaction) of different people can not only be measured but also meaningfully summed over people and that utility comparisons between people are meaningful.
-Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome 8. Happiness is the ultimate basis ofmorality
-Fundamental Principle of Morality is the Principle of Utility, or Greatest Happiness Principle: pick the course of action that is most likely to produce the greatest good (satisfaction, pleasure, happiness) of the greatest number of people.
The utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as means to that end. Happiness is the ultimate end (in the sense of “goal” or “purpose”), then it, and only it, should serve as the basis for morality. 9. Immanuel Kant-
(1724-1804)
Immanuel Kant was born in the East Prussian city of Königsberg, studied at its university, and worked there as a tutor and professor for more than forty years, never travelling more than fifty miles from home. Although his outward life was one of legendary calm and regularity, Kant's intellectual work easily justified his own claim to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy. Beginning with his Inaugural Dissertation (1770) on the difference between right- and left-handed spatial orientations, Kant patiently worked out the most comprehensive and influential philosophical programme of the modern era. His central thesis—that the possibility of human knowledge presupposes the active participation of the human mind—is deceptively simple, but the details of its application are notoriously complex.
Kant’s Duty Ethics- for Kant, the morally important thing is not consequences but the way choosers think when they make choices. Kant says that only one [kind of] thing is inherently good, and that is the good will.
The will * found in humans but not nonhuman animals * not a material thing * it is our power of rational moral choice * its presence gives humans their inherent dignity
What makes the will good? The will is good when it acts out of duty, not out of inclination. What does it mean to act out of inclination? To do something because it makes you feel good or because you hope to gain something from it.
What does it mean to act out of duty? Kant says this means that we should act from respect for the moral law.
How do we do that? We must know what the moral law is.
How do we know that? We use the "Categorical Imperative."
Duty-based or Deontological ethics
Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions. * Do the right thing. * Do it because it's the right thing to do. * Don't do wrong things. * Avoid them because they are wrong.
Under this form of ethics you can't justify an action by showing that it produced good consequences, which is why it's sometimes called 'non-Consequentialist'.
The word 'deontological' comes from the Greek word deon, which means 'duty'.
Duty-based ethics are usually what people are talking about when they refer to 'the principle of the thing'.
Duty-based ethics teaches that some acts are right or wrong because of the sorts of things they are, and people have a duty to act accordingly, regardless of the good or bad consequences that may be produced.
Deontologists live in a universe of moral rules, such as: * It is wrong to kill innocent people * It is wrong to steal * It is wrong to tell lies * It is right to keep promises
ethical principals that various codes address
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.