Development and Environment Nexus

INFLUENCE OF POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

BY:
KABERA HENRY MACHARIA
EM12/2880/11

AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO:
DR S.M. MAKINDI
ENSCI. 701- ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

EGERTON UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2011

Table of contents.

Table of contents. ii

Table of figures. iii

List of abbreviations. iv

QUESTION ONE. 1

Introduction 1

Industrialization. 2

1.1 The Effect of Industrial Pollution 2

1.1.1 Global Warming 2

1.1.2 Air Pollution. 4

1.1.3 Water Pollution[pic] 7

1.1.4 Soil Pollution 7

2. Agricultural development. 7

Conclusion 10

Recommendations 11

QUESTION TWO 12

1.0. Introduction 12

Developmental demands on poor nations. 13

1.2 Population and environmental degradation. 15

1.3 High inequality in provision of social services. 16

a). Energy. 16

b). Water and sanitation. 17

1.4 Problems of Policies 18

1.5 Impact of poverty on resource management. 20

1.6 The Poor’s constraints to manage risks. 20

Table of figures.

Figure 1 Effects of global warming 4

Figure 2. A poor farmer struggling to produce on already mineral exhausted soil. 8

Figure 3. A highly polluted river in a deforested area 9

Figure 4. Balancing social, economic and environmental needs to acquire sustainability in development. 11

Figure 5 Energy sources in Africa by source in the year 2009 (world fact book, 2010) 17

Figure 6. Relationship between sustainability and equity in allocation of resources 18

Figure 7. Linkages between poverty and environmental problems. 21

List of abbreviations.

DfID Department of International Development.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EU European Union

HDI Human Development Index

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development.

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPCC United Nations ' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LDCs Least Developed Countries

MIC Methyl isocyanate

NASA National

References: Brocklesby, Mary Ann and Emily Hinshelwood. 2001. “Poverty and Environment: What the Poor Say” Department of International Development (DfID), U.K., European Commission (EU), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Bank (2002). Jahan, Selim. 1998. “Consumption, Natural Resource Use and Environment: Impact for Human Development” Janicke, Martin, Harald Monch, Thomas Ranneberg and Udo E. Simonis (1989): “Economic Structure and Environmental Impacts: East-West Comparisons”, The Munasinghe, M. and W. Cruz. 1995. “Economy-wide Policies and Environment Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Ostrom, E. C. Burger, E. Field, R. Norgaard and D. Policansky. 1999. “Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons and Global Challenges”, Science, Vol