Diener's Model Of Happiness
Research on happiness has been of interest in many parts of the world, in accordance with positive psychology’s goal to create a good life. According to one of the most accepted theoretical frameworks, Diener’s model of subjective well-being (Diener, 1984; Diener et al. 1999), happiness refers to how people interpret their own life, circumstances and emotions. These evaluations are with regard to the judgments a person makes about his or her emotional states (affect balance) and life in general (life satisfaction). According to this model, happiness is neither a transient positive emotion nor an unstable state; rather, it is a positive experiential or subjective state that is both comprehensive and relatively stable (Diener et al. 1999; Suh
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et al. 1996, 1998). According to Veenhoven (2006) happiness is a common understanding of how happy a person will be in a positive way. Khalisa et al (2010) argues that happiness is a positive psychological state based on subjective judgment, characterized by positive emotions and activities, including past satisfaction, happiness for the present and an optimistic sense of the future.
Happiness can affect a person's self in a positive, positive and behavioral way. As Gloaguen et al (in Lyubomirsky, 2005) explains that the benefits of happiness cognitively and behavior can overcome negative feelings and depression. In addition, optimism is also one of the most important parts for the elderly in living this life as able to accept sincerely and able to adjust to the changes that exist, so as to live his life with a calm and feel comfortable in living their daily activities .
Caunt, Franklin & Brodaty (2013) study set out to explore conceptions of the elements or ingredients that lead to long-lasting happiness. Coded 201 respondents’ (18–84 years old) written happiness recipes for the mention of a priori (pre-defined from a literature review) and empirical (from a pilot study) content analysis categories. These were organized into six dimensions (i.e. personality, circumstances, social relationships, behavioral activities, cognitive activities and volitional activities) based on a model of the causes of long-term happiness by Lyubomirsky et al. (2005). Participants were happy and mentally healthy. An overwhelming majority of responses referred to social relationships such as with family, friends and partners, supporting the assertion that relationships are necessary for happiness (Diener and Oishi in Psychol Inquiry 16(4):162–167, 2005; Diener and Seligman in Psychol Sci Public Interest 5(1):1–32, 2002). Participants frequently mentioned circumstances such as Health despite the fact these have been found to have aminimal influence over long-term happiness (Argyle in The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1999). Self esteem was most frequently mentioned. A variety of behavioral activities (physical activity, meditation and mindfulness, hobbies and interests, travel and holidays, relaxation, nature, humor and laughter, and good food) that could offer a list of active leisure pursuits for use in happiness interventions. Cognitive activities (competency, future planning, social values and having a philosophy of life). Finally, participants spoke of the importance of goals and meaning in life (volitional activities).
Abundant research has been conducted regarding the correlates of happiness with a focus on age (e.g., Argyle 1999; Diener et al. 1999). In an opening study, Wilson (1967) indicated that youth was a source of happiness. However, recent studies have demonstrated that socio-demographic factors have a lower impact on happiness compared to other variables (Diener et al. 1999; Diener and Suh 1998). Age, gender and race combined explain up to 10% of happiness (Diener et al. 1999).
The pilot study concerning happiness of Indonesian elderly (Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan) show an overwhelming majority of responses referred to social relationship such as with family and partner, satisfaction with partner and family, social connectedness from others, and social support (i.e. emotionally and tangible), supporting the assertion that emotional and positive instrumental support may be associated with mental health (Scott and Roberto 1985). Circumstances such as religion, health, sufficient wealthy, and employment. Respondents mentioned a variety of behavioral activities (meditation and mindfulness, fun and enjoyment, good food and service, social activity). Cognitive activity such as philosophy of life (i.e. unpretentious living); future planning, supporting the assertion that and self accomplishment/competency, supporting the assertion that perceived competence have been associated with a greater sense of well-being (Caprara and Steca 2005; Chirkov et al. 2003). Respondents mentioned also a variety of volitional activities such as gain composure (i.e. free of troubled events), supporting the assertion that a higher number of negative life events have demonstrated lower perceived control (Sijuwade 1996); Gratitude; and Generosity. In additional, most elders with various chronic problems perceived themselves as ‘‘well’’ and reported having high rates of life satisfaction, be in accordance with Fakouri & Lyons (2005) finding.
Another problem experienced by the elderly is psychological problems. Where the elderly can not adjust themselves to the changes that occur in him, one of them because it has entered retirement. There is a negative perception from the community that the elderly are considered to be less contributing, unproductive, sickly, and others. According to Kim and Moen (in Papalia, 2008) retired people feel the loss of their job role so that it affects their identity. It causes confidence to be low and may increase the symptoms of depression, especially in men (Papalia, 2008).
Other problems that occur in the elderly are less attention from the people closest to them. Left by the closest people such as husband, wife, parents, or children who have died before, even deliberately left by his family for not able to take care of family members who are elderly. Involve the elderly are feeling lonely because they do not have friends to chat while with family. Eventually many elderly people feel uncomfortable, difficulty in living their lives, and can not feel the happiness they should be able to feel like other people in general. Due generally in Indonesia, the wrong person entering the elderly period is getting more and more needed his family.
The elderly also end up living in nursing homes with the aim that they can get a better life than life before they enter the nursing home. Coupled with the problems, elderly people living in nursing homes away from their families. Based on the results of O'Connor and Vallerand (Papalia, 2008) research, approximately 129 residents living in nursing homes with good treatment rates, feel high self-esteem, lower depression rates, and more satisfaction with meaningfulness in life.
Therefore a happy person is a person who can accept the reality of his life, he can accept everything that is in him.
But still believe that behind the bitterness there must be a longer welfare like people take medicine, bitter at drinking time but after drinking present health longer than bitterness felt (Manshurah, 2006).
The phenomenon of unhappiness is much visible in real life among them as most of the elderly are abandoned and lack of attention by their family or their closest relatives. The elderly feel more attentive to the nursing home, whereas the comparison between elderly and caregivers is out of balance, lack of affection from their family, feelings no longer needed, no spare time to share feelings, and abstain from family by reason of wanting to forget His family. So the elderly feel unhappy, stress, and even depression that in the end they can not feel happiness in their life.
Panti Wredha is a place that functioned as an elderly shelter to be treated, cared for and given more attention in daily life. But most of the existence of the wredha is a scourge for the elderly because they feel marginalized and alienated from each family that still exist but claimed to have no longer willing to care for, because of the busyness of each member (in Hayati, …show more content…
2010).
The background of the elderly are in UPT Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Binjai is the number of elderly abandoned in the streets, they are willing themselves with the reasons do not want to disturb the family, and some are forced and lied to by the family. Uniquely, in the nursing home there are some elderly who love each other and eventually get married.
For the elderly living in UPT Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Binjai, the social support needed is support from the nearest people (nurses, social workers, doctors, and the elderly), especially those in nursing homes.
Where they give each other advice, advice, and share stories with each other. Cobb, 1976; Gentry and Kobasa, 1984; Wallston, Alagna and Devellis, 1983; Wills, 1984: in Sarafino, 1998) states that individuals who receive social support will believe individuals are loved, cared for, valued and part of their social environment. Support from among friends is needed in doing an activity that will be able to give happiness for the
elderly.
Happiness has several factors that affect the culture, personality, marriage, friendship, health, religion or spirituality and social support. In this case the social support factor becomes one of the factors studied how big its role in determining happiness. According sarason (in Kumalasari 2012) that social support is existence. The willingness, the care of the people who are reliable, appreciate and care for us. Sarason argues that social support includes two things: the amount of social support resources available within the level of satisfaction of the social support being received.
The main correlates of happiness in the elderly are positive health and quality of life, good social and family relationships and high social support, high levels of activity and personal accomplishment, religion and spirituality. Among psychological correlates, extraversion, satisfaction with partner, self-esteem, perceived control, autonomy and positive self-concept have been stressed. High levels of education and high socioeconomic status have also been related to happiness among elders, although the impact of these factors may be mediated by other variables, such as health, leisure and social functioning. Elderly individuals who are at a high risk of unhappiness include women, widows and widowers, those who live alone or who are lonely, recent retirees, those with health and financial problems, those with lower perceived control and those who are in late old age.
et al. 1996, 1998). According to Veenhoven (2006) happiness is a common understanding of how happy a person will be in a positive way. Khalisa et al (2010) argues that happiness is a positive psychological state based on subjective judgment, characterized by positive emotions and activities, including past satisfaction, happiness for the present and an optimistic sense of the future.
Happiness can affect a person's self in a positive, positive and behavioral way. As Gloaguen et al (in Lyubomirsky, 2005) explains that the benefits of happiness cognitively and behavior can overcome negative feelings and depression. In addition, optimism is also one of the most important parts for the elderly in living this life as able to accept sincerely and able to adjust to the changes that exist, so as to live his life with a calm and feel comfortable in living their daily activities .
Caunt, Franklin & Brodaty (2013) study set out to explore conceptions of the elements or ingredients that lead to long-lasting happiness. Coded 201 respondents’ (18–84 years old) written happiness recipes for the mention of a priori (pre-defined from a literature review) and empirical (from a pilot study) content analysis categories. These were organized into six dimensions (i.e. personality, circumstances, social relationships, behavioral activities, cognitive activities and volitional activities) based on a model of the causes of long-term happiness by Lyubomirsky et al. (2005). Participants were happy and mentally healthy. An overwhelming majority of responses referred to social relationships such as with family, friends and partners, supporting the assertion that relationships are necessary for happiness (Diener and Oishi in Psychol Inquiry 16(4):162–167, 2005; Diener and Seligman in Psychol Sci Public Interest 5(1):1–32, 2002). Participants frequently mentioned circumstances such as Health despite the fact these have been found to have aminimal influence over long-term happiness (Argyle in The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russel Sage Foundation, New York, 1999). Self esteem was most frequently mentioned. A variety of behavioral activities (physical activity, meditation and mindfulness, hobbies and interests, travel and holidays, relaxation, nature, humor and laughter, and good food) that could offer a list of active leisure pursuits for use in happiness interventions. Cognitive activities (competency, future planning, social values and having a philosophy of life). Finally, participants spoke of the importance of goals and meaning in life (volitional activities).
Abundant research has been conducted regarding the correlates of happiness with a focus on age (e.g., Argyle 1999; Diener et al. 1999). In an opening study, Wilson (1967) indicated that youth was a source of happiness. However, recent studies have demonstrated that socio-demographic factors have a lower impact on happiness compared to other variables (Diener et al. 1999; Diener and Suh 1998). Age, gender and race combined explain up to 10% of happiness (Diener et al. 1999).
The pilot study concerning happiness of Indonesian elderly (Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan) show an overwhelming majority of responses referred to social relationship such as with family and partner, satisfaction with partner and family, social connectedness from others, and social support (i.e. emotionally and tangible), supporting the assertion that emotional and positive instrumental support may be associated with mental health (Scott and Roberto 1985). Circumstances such as religion, health, sufficient wealthy, and employment. Respondents mentioned a variety of behavioral activities (meditation and mindfulness, fun and enjoyment, good food and service, social activity). Cognitive activity such as philosophy of life (i.e. unpretentious living); future planning, supporting the assertion that and self accomplishment/competency, supporting the assertion that perceived competence have been associated with a greater sense of well-being (Caprara and Steca 2005; Chirkov et al. 2003). Respondents mentioned also a variety of volitional activities such as gain composure (i.e. free of troubled events), supporting the assertion that a higher number of negative life events have demonstrated lower perceived control (Sijuwade 1996); Gratitude; and Generosity. In additional, most elders with various chronic problems perceived themselves as ‘‘well’’ and reported having high rates of life satisfaction, be in accordance with Fakouri & Lyons (2005) finding.
Another problem experienced by the elderly is psychological problems. Where the elderly can not adjust themselves to the changes that occur in him, one of them because it has entered retirement. There is a negative perception from the community that the elderly are considered to be less contributing, unproductive, sickly, and others. According to Kim and Moen (in Papalia, 2008) retired people feel the loss of their job role so that it affects their identity. It causes confidence to be low and may increase the symptoms of depression, especially in men (Papalia, 2008).
Other problems that occur in the elderly are less attention from the people closest to them. Left by the closest people such as husband, wife, parents, or children who have died before, even deliberately left by his family for not able to take care of family members who are elderly. Involve the elderly are feeling lonely because they do not have friends to chat while with family. Eventually many elderly people feel uncomfortable, difficulty in living their lives, and can not feel the happiness they should be able to feel like other people in general. Due generally in Indonesia, the wrong person entering the elderly period is getting more and more needed his family.
The elderly also end up living in nursing homes with the aim that they can get a better life than life before they enter the nursing home. Coupled with the problems, elderly people living in nursing homes away from their families. Based on the results of O'Connor and Vallerand (Papalia, 2008) research, approximately 129 residents living in nursing homes with good treatment rates, feel high self-esteem, lower depression rates, and more satisfaction with meaningfulness in life.
Therefore a happy person is a person who can accept the reality of his life, he can accept everything that is in him.
But still believe that behind the bitterness there must be a longer welfare like people take medicine, bitter at drinking time but after drinking present health longer than bitterness felt (Manshurah, 2006).
The phenomenon of unhappiness is much visible in real life among them as most of the elderly are abandoned and lack of attention by their family or their closest relatives. The elderly feel more attentive to the nursing home, whereas the comparison between elderly and caregivers is out of balance, lack of affection from their family, feelings no longer needed, no spare time to share feelings, and abstain from family by reason of wanting to forget His family. So the elderly feel unhappy, stress, and even depression that in the end they can not feel happiness in their life.
Panti Wredha is a place that functioned as an elderly shelter to be treated, cared for and given more attention in daily life. But most of the existence of the wredha is a scourge for the elderly because they feel marginalized and alienated from each family that still exist but claimed to have no longer willing to care for, because of the busyness of each member (in Hayati, …show more content…
2010).
The background of the elderly are in UPT Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Binjai is the number of elderly abandoned in the streets, they are willing themselves with the reasons do not want to disturb the family, and some are forced and lied to by the family. Uniquely, in the nursing home there are some elderly who love each other and eventually get married.
For the elderly living in UPT Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia Binjai, the social support needed is support from the nearest people (nurses, social workers, doctors, and the elderly), especially those in nursing homes.
Where they give each other advice, advice, and share stories with each other. Cobb, 1976; Gentry and Kobasa, 1984; Wallston, Alagna and Devellis, 1983; Wills, 1984: in Sarafino, 1998) states that individuals who receive social support will believe individuals are loved, cared for, valued and part of their social environment. Support from among friends is needed in doing an activity that will be able to give happiness for the
elderly.
Happiness has several factors that affect the culture, personality, marriage, friendship, health, religion or spirituality and social support. In this case the social support factor becomes one of the factors studied how big its role in determining happiness. According sarason (in Kumalasari 2012) that social support is existence. The willingness, the care of the people who are reliable, appreciate and care for us. Sarason argues that social support includes two things: the amount of social support resources available within the level of satisfaction of the social support being received.
The main correlates of happiness in the elderly are positive health and quality of life, good social and family relationships and high social support, high levels of activity and personal accomplishment, religion and spirituality. Among psychological correlates, extraversion, satisfaction with partner, self-esteem, perceived control, autonomy and positive self-concept have been stressed. High levels of education and high socioeconomic status have also been related to happiness among elders, although the impact of these factors may be mediated by other variables, such as health, leisure and social functioning. Elderly individuals who are at a high risk of unhappiness include women, widows and widowers, those who live alone or who are lonely, recent retirees, those with health and financial problems, those with lower perceived control and those who are in late old age.