Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme involved in producing energy after the body has lost access to oxygen. LDH produces energy by helping to catalyze the reaction of NADH to NAD+ and does so by oxidation using pyruvate (1). LDH is found in highest concentrations in the heart, kidneys, lungs, blood cells and muscle tissues. Increases in LDH levels in the body have shown to be a marker of pain severity. This is because of tissue damage is the primary source of increasing LDH in the body. Thus making LDH levels an important marker not only for tissue damage but also the pain experienced (2).…
60% of Lactic Acid accumulated during the race is removed by using it as a metabolic fuel. Lactic acid is converted back to Pyruvic Acid. Pyruvic Acid enters the…
When we vomit, the acidic nature of our stomach contents becomes immediately apparent both from the taste and from the burning sensation in our throats. The purpose of this acidity is to kill any bacteria we swallow with our food. In the stomach, digestive enzymes and a muscular churning action combine to reduce our food to a thick liquid called chyme. Chyme exits the stomach through a second sphincter and enters the small intestine. Typically, it takes the stomach about 4 hours to process a meal. The small intestine is about 20 feet long. In the duodenum, the first foot of the small intestine, digestion continues with the breakdown of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Some of the digestive enzymes at work in the duodenum are made by the small intestine itself. Others are made by the pancreas. Pancreatic enzymes play an important role in neutralizing food, which arrives from the stomach in a highly acidic condition. In addition, the small intestine receives bile, a substance that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile is an emulsifier?it breaks fats into tiny droplets that are more easily attacked by enzymes. Beyond the duodenum, the rest of the small intestine functions primarily in absorbing nutrients into the body. In order to be able to do this efficiently?that is, rapidly?the small intestine has a huge surface area. It is covered with numerous fingerlike projections called villi, each of which is in turn covered with tiny little projections called microvilli. Flattened, the small intestine would fill the area of a tennis court! Digested nutrients are absorbed across the surface of the small intestine into capillaries found inside each villus.…
Small Intestines: slighted decreased secretion of most digestive enzymes and motility; complaints of indigestion, slowed intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins…
Enzymes break down molecules in our body faster than they would normally break down without enzymes.…
Many diseases and disorders are caused by defects in the molecular level of cells and not just having to do with nutrition or other extrinsic factors ,in this report ,we will specifically look at enzymes and their key role in energy production and the cycles and series of activities that make it possible for the human to function properly .…
The role of an enzyme is to catalyze a chemical reaction. Usually an enzyme increases the rate of speed of a reaction. Enzymes break down molecules in our body faster than they would normally break down without enzymes. Enzymes work at specific temperatures and pH levels. (Wolfe, 2000). For example, a stomach enzyme works better in a more acidic environment, whereas intestinal enzymes work better in a more alkaline environment. The shape of an enzyme is important to its function. Enzymes function like a lock and key. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme like a key into a lock. The enzyme breaks the bonds of the substrate and releases it without being consumed in the process. Substrates can also function as inhibitors, competing for the active site. (Wolfe, 2000). Sometimes one enzyme will work on one particular substrate, in other circumstances, such as with fructose, two or more enzymes work to break down a substrate so that it can be used by the body. Fructose is first broken down into fructose 1 phosphate by the enzyme fructokinase. Then fructose 1 phosphate is further broken down into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde by the enzyme aldolase b. (Hudon-Miller, 2012). At this point, DHAP and glyceraldehyde enter the glycolysis cycle where they can be further processed into ATP, the body’s main source of energy.…
In this lab we explore an enzymes activity and how it can be affected by changes to its environment. An enzyme is a protein and is a catalyst to chemical reactions (Raven, 2011). It helps accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy, which is needed for reactions in cells to progress at a higher rate (Kaiser, 2001). Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur, yielding products from a given set of reactants. Products are results of an enzyme cleaving to a specific substrate, by means of an induced fit. The induced fit is located at the active site of the enzyme or region of the enzyme where the substrate is bound. The substrate is the reactant within the reaction that fits with the enzyme like a key into a lock. Once the substrate enters the enzyme’s active site the enzyme can flexibly change shape to more snugly bind, via the induced fit, to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrate is then metabolized or broken down, resulting in a product, which can be utilized to energize cells. Once the product is released from the active site the enzyme returns to…
the catalase was the enzyme. The hydrogen peroxide formed a decomposition reaction as it was broken…
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions in all living things, and allow them to occur more effortlessly, without them we would not be alive. “Catalyst” denotes a substance that has the ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction, and is not changed or destroyed by the chemical reaction that it accelerates (MicroTak, 2002). The enzyme Amylase speeds up the breakdown of starch into simple sugar; this reaction happens in the mouth and is the start of chemical digestion. Starch cannot pass through the lining of the intestine; it is too big (REFER TO FIGURE-31). The enzyme in question here is called Amylase; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide starch (amylose) to the disaccharide maltose (Miller, 1992 ).…
The Digestive System is the name given to the sequential process that our bodies perform when ingesting food, and the breaking down of macromolecules into micromolecules so that the body can absorb it’s nutrients into the bloodstream and it’s cellular system to obtain energy for cellular respiration, and the excretion all indigestible waste products. This happens within the digestive tract, which starts at the Mouth or Oral cavity and ends at the Anus. (Reference Appended image 1,’ The Human digestive system and associated organs). The molecules of food that we eat are generally Polymers, i.e., large, complex Molecules that are composed of long chains of Monomers. Polymers are insoluble and therefore cannot be absorbed into our bloodstream and need to be assimilated into different absorptive products. Polymers have to be hydrolysed into smaller, soluble molecules. This process happens during the process of digestion. Food is broken down by mechanical or chemical means (Hydrolysis) and this process is aided by Enzymes. Enzymes are biological, process catalysing Proteins which massively speed up the breaking down of compound molecules into micromolecules to allow nutritional absorption. All digestive Enzymes are Hydrolytic, i.e., a water molecule is added to allow compound molecular breakdown and separation. All Enzymes have a unique shape to their ‘active site’ allowing only the target substrate to bond for biological processing. Enzymes have optimum operating requirements and can denature if the temperature becomes too warm or the environment too acidic or alkaline. Digestive Enzyme secretion is regulated by both the nervous and the hormonal systems. Hormones are a chemical substance signalling system that communicates from one set of cells to another set, the target cells, which will then trigger enzyme secretion.…
Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as a catalyst and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life, for example a piece of steak that is being digested into energy. Molecules found at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and these enzymes exchange them into differing molecules known as products. Nearly all-metabolic processes in a cell need enzymes in order to function at rates that are fast enough to sustain existence.…
Chemical breakdown results from the action of digestive enzymes and other chemicals acting on food as it passes through the GI trac…
An enzyme that is containing saliva, stomach acid and mucus may try and dissolve in the cells walls.…
This creates a slightly basic environment, meaning the semiliquid becomes alkaline. This is when the intestinal digestion begins. The pancreas secrets pancreatic fluid into the intestine. This fluid contains, Amylase, Trypsin, and Lipase. Amylase is released first in the fluid. Amylase breaks down starches into their component sugars. Trypsin hydrolyzes polypeptides, converting them into amino acids. Lipase breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids. The bile acids produced by the liver act as natural detergents to dissolve fat in water and allow the enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller molecules, some of which are fatty acids and cholesterol. Bile acids combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help these molecules to move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells the small molecules are formed back into large molecules, most of which pass into lymphatic vessels in the intestine called lacteal. These small vessels carry the fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the…