Discuss one or more evolutionary explanations of group display in humans. (25 marks)
Discuss one or more evolutionary explanations of group display in humans. (25 marks)
Group display in humans has been studied by a variety of psychologists both classic and contemporary. Psychologists such as Le Bon believe that crowd behaviour is explained through the individual taking on the ‘psychology’ of the crowd’. Essentially, the actions of a crowd can be explained through situational factors, such as convergence in one location, or the result of normless situations where people look to others to see how to act when norms of behaviour are unavailable.
In both sports crowds and lynch mobs, the ‘psychology’ of the groups seems to ensure that the action is carried out with great emotion and loyalty to a cause. For example, in the last decades of the nineteenths century lynching of black people in the Southern states of USA was at an all-time high. Lynching became an institutional method used by white people to terrorise black people to maintain white supremacy. Therefore, it is clear that lynching was carried out as a result of loyalty to a cause and great emotion. This is supported by Blalock’s (1967) power-threat hypothesis which suggests that groups that pose a threat to the majority are more likely to be discriminated against and to be the subject of violent action. Lynching was an extreme form of discrimination, motivated by perceived racial threat. Similarly, Patterson (1999) claims that lynch mobs were more active during the 19th century because it was a time of major social transition, following the collapse of slavery, where the entire community felt at risk. When groups feel at risk, it becomes evolutionarily advantageous to put survival first, and as Ridley (1997) shows that cooperative group defence and antagonism to outsiders go hand in hand. This explains why, when a majority group is more at risk, individual self-interest gives way to ‘group mentality’. Therefore, acts of group display such as lynching are suggested to be the result of
Group display in humans has been studied by a variety of psychologists both classic and contemporary. Psychologists such as Le Bon believe that crowd behaviour is explained through the individual taking on the ‘psychology’ of the crowd’. Essentially, the actions of a crowd can be explained through situational factors, such as convergence in one location, or the result of normless situations where people look to others to see how to act when norms of behaviour are unavailable.
In both sports crowds and lynch mobs, the ‘psychology’ of the groups seems to ensure that the action is carried out with great emotion and loyalty to a cause. For example, in the last decades of the nineteenths century lynching of black people in the Southern states of USA was at an all-time high. Lynching became an institutional method used by white people to terrorise black people to maintain white supremacy. Therefore, it is clear that lynching was carried out as a result of loyalty to a cause and great emotion. This is supported by Blalock’s (1967) power-threat hypothesis which suggests that groups that pose a threat to the majority are more likely to be discriminated against and to be the subject of violent action. Lynching was an extreme form of discrimination, motivated by perceived racial threat. Similarly, Patterson (1999) claims that lynch mobs were more active during the 19th century because it was a time of major social transition, following the collapse of slavery, where the entire community felt at risk. When groups feel at risk, it becomes evolutionarily advantageous to put survival first, and as Ridley (1997) shows that cooperative group defence and antagonism to outsiders go hand in hand. This explains why, when a majority group is more at risk, individual self-interest gives way to ‘group mentality’. Therefore, acts of group display such as lynching are suggested to be the result of