Cell and molecular biology is a science based on the various systems of a cell resulting to its regulation, maintenance and function. Many of these systems involve genetic information hence the study of the DNA is an essential part of this field. To able to analyze DNA, it must first be isolated and purified from its natural environment filled with biological molecules and compounds that cause physical or chemical interference in an experimental set-up. Several protocols have been established to efficiently extract DNA, one of which, the CTAB method, was performed and studied in this exercise. (De la Parte and Dita, 2014)…
subdivision, textile plant, an organic farm, and a mountain lake. We had to find the…
Once the blood sample is isolated from all other organic material DNA is extracted from its biological source material using a hypotonic chemical buffer and being centrifuged. The extracted DNA is then measured to evaluate the quantity. After isolating the DNA, specific regions are copied with a technique known as the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. PCR produces millions of copies for each DNA segment of interest and thus permits very minute amounts of DNA to be examined. The resulting PCR products are then separated. The separation methods used today include slab gel and capillary electrophoresis. Fluorescence detection methods have greatly aided the sensitivity and ease of measuring PCR-amplified samples. The specific methods used for DNA typing are validated by individual laboratories to ensure that reliable results are obtained and before new technologies are implemented. Samples are then compared to each other as well as DNA databases which are a valuable tool and play an important role in apprehending criminals that have committed a crime before.…
Brandon Schmetterer 3-13-15 Biology labs DNA Extraction Lab DNA is extracted from humans for genetic testing, for body identification, and for analysis of forensic evidence. The first step of DNA extraction is to take cheek cells from the test subject. Next, the cells must be burst open in order to release DNA. Third, DNA is separated from protein and debris. Lastly, the DNA must be isolated.…
The substances that I found to be bases are window cleaner, hand soap, baking soda, baking powder, bleach, Lysol, and antacid. These substances were found to be bases because after testing them by dipping pH paper into a well filled with about three drops of the substance, the color of the paper turned to a color correlating with the color of an eight or higher on the pH scale.…
ATP is generated from aerobic respiration from the use of biosynthetic pathways. Glycolysis is where respiration starts in the cells and produces ATP, NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules from the oxidation of six carbon carbohydrate and glucose. Even if oxygen is there or not, enzymes are mediated in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and aerobic respiration use NADH molecule (which it main purpose is to transport electrons form one molecule to another) for later purposes. The mitochondrial matrix receives pyruvate from the cytoplasm after it crosses over the mitochondrial membrane. When the pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle it goes through many stages of biochemical enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In more detail about the cycle its main purpose is to produce little amounts of ATP by removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen from pyruvate molecules. Within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis synthesis ATP with hydrogen ions which are NADH and FADH2. The Krebs cycle and glycolysis produce less ATP because chemiosmosis synthesizes a great amount of ATP.…
4) Add 10 drops of pectinase to the apple sauce and stir for 1 minute…
A change in temperature in the reaction of catechol and catecholase will not change the absorbance of reaction over time.…
Predict: What three traits will be most common among your classmates? Why have you made this prediction?…
8. 10 sympatric and 8 allopatric in North and South Carolina. 14 sympatric and 10 allopatric in Arizona.…
Earlier, my partner and I explained to the kid that we would be extracting DNA from a strawberry, and that this same DNA stuff was in everyone’s body. But I guess it was too much for him to handle because as soon as the white gunk formed he sprinted down the hallway. Once I consoled him and re-explained the lab, he exclaimed “Can I see my own DNA?” My emotions of utter disbelief and excitement came bubbling out of me as I said “Sure! Let’s get started.” This kids name was Ben. And Ben along with some of his friends, were the middleschoolers I spent the summer of 2016 scaring and exciting about chemistry at Francis Tuttle.…
This experiment was used to explore the Theory of Evolution created by Charles Darwin. The use of natural selection was apparent in the artificial modification of an organism 's traits which aided in this investigation. Through this experiment the Wisconsin Fast Plant was used. It is a fast-growing organism developed to improve the resistance to disease in cruciferous plants. This plant aids scientist in the exploration of environmental effects on population due to the speed to which is matures and reproduces. Artificial selection was stimulated by the selection against plants with few hairs (trichomes). Trichomes create a wider variation meaning it is polygenic. The plants that had only a few trichomes were exterminated and the rest were pollinated to create an F2 generation. This was done in an attempt to increase the number of plants with many hairs in the next generation. It turned out to be a successful use of natural selection due to the decreased amount of bald plants from the F1 generation to the F2 generation. Concerning how the experiment is actually performed, five Wisconsin fast seeds are planted into a cup full of soil and six fertilizer seeds. The seeds are then covered with more dirt and connected to a cup full of water through a wick. The soon to be plant is then placed under light for 24 hours. After this the plants with the highest amount of trichome numbers are found and kept. When flowers are present, the selected plants are cross pollinated with a pollinating stick and from there the plants are monitored and recorded.…
The aim of the experiment is to isolate purified genomic DNA from cheek cells, prepare the sample for PCR reaction, place prepared sample in agarose gel through a procedure called…
Escherichia coli is a bacterium that can affect our health or even kill. Like most bacteria, E. coli is able to change and progress into different forms based on genetic changes that they can go through. One example of this genetic change is shown in the E. coli becoming immune to ampicillin is blood infections. Because ampicillin has been used so frequently to fight the symptoms of an E. coli infection, the bacteria has been able to change itself genetically by producing more of an inhibitor resistant TEM in order to continue it’s genetic line and reproduce causing infections in humans (Walters-Toews, et al. 2011). Another example from the science field would be an experiment that suggests that E. coli is not only becoming resistant to ampicillin, but also other antibiotics including Cotrimoxazole and Cefuroxime (Renal & Urology News, 2007). This experiment is meant to prove that through genetic transfer using plasmid DNA, the E. coli can become bioluminescent and immune to the ampicillin. By adding plasmid DNA to the E. coli cells, the genetic composition of the cells will be different. I predict that the E. coli cells containing no ampicillin will be able to grow colonies. I also predict that the plates with plasmid DNA will show signs of bioluminescence. The plate with ampicillin present with no plasmid DNA will not be able to grow colonies and will not be capable of bioluminescence.…
Aprons protect you from splashes of blood or body fluids. Always wear a gown or apron if you are doing a procedure that may expose you to splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids…