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Journal of Environmental Management 71 (2004) 95–122 www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies
Faisal I. Khan*, Tahir Husain, Ramzi Hejazi1
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s NL, Canada A1B 3X5
Received 22 June 2001; revised 19 January 2004; accepted 2 February 2004

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the site restoration techniques that may be employed in a variety of contaminated site cleanup programs.
It is recognized that no single specific technology may be considered as a panacea for all contaminated site problems. An easy-to-use summary of the analysis of the important parameters that will help in the selection and implementation of one or more appropriate technologies in a defined set of site and contaminant characteristics is also included. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Site remediation; Soil remediation; Groundwater cleanup; Soil vapor extraction; Natural attenuation

1. Introduction
Pollutants enter the environment directly as a result of accidents, spills during transportation, leakage from waste disposal or storage sites, or from industrial facilities
(Riser-Roberts, 1992). Problems associated with the cleanup of petroleum-contaminated sites have demonstrated that there is a need to develop remediation technologies that are feasible, quick, and deployable in a wide range of physical settings. Government, industry, and the public now recognize the potential dangers that complex chemical mixtures such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polychloro biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and pesticides pose to human health and the environment. In response to a growing need to address environmental contamination, many remediation technologies have been developed to treat soil, leachate, wastewater, and groundwater contaminated by various pollutants, including

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