Adopted by the United States on July 6, 1785,[3] the U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions.[4] Several countries use the U.S. dollar as their official cur- rency, and many others allow it to be used in a de facto capacity. In 1995, over US $380 billion were in circulation, two-thirds of which was outside the United States. By 2005, that figure had doubled to nearly $760 billion, with an estimated half to two-thirds being held overseas,[5] representing an annual growth rate of about 7.6%. However, as of De- cember 2006, the dollar was surpassed by the euro in terms of combined value of cash in circulation. The value of euro notes in circulation had risen to more than €610 billion, equivalent to US$802 billion at the exchange rates at the time.
Euro
The euro (currency sign: €; banking code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union’s Eurozone, which consists of 13 European states (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slove- nia, and Spain) and will extend to include Cyprus and Malta from 1 January 2008.
The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency in 1999 and launched as physical coins and banknotes in 2002. It replaced the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1.
The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) (composed of the central banks of its member states). As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The ESCB participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states, and the operation of the Eurozone payment sys- tems.
Do"ar vs Euro 3
Depreciating Dollar
After the introduction of the euro, its exchange rate against other currencies fell heavily, especially against the U.S. dollar. At its introduction in 1999, the euro was