Domestic Violence Research Paper
Domestic Violence
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution] Abstract
Domestic Violence is also known as family violence, battering, domestic abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). It causes an inflicting physical injury to a person by one partner to another partner aggressively and emotionally too. Perpetrators of domestic violence are from all the educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. As this is a crime that has been stated into many forms to intimate a person or animal (pets) or even damaging joint or personal property. The victim of assaulter can be a male or female, but the violence act over women has a greater impact over the U.S. society. The outline of the paper suppresses the torture, torment and annoyance of the …show more content…
majority population of women in the United States as the way they treated is totally against the Department of Justice. The federal, local and the state agencies have been focusing on this issue of domestic violence since (1995). As this term “Intimate Partner Violence” makes a bond between two partners and lead to a long term congruity.
Domestic Violence
Introduction
Domestic Violence is not only taken as violence of threat, but it also involves in dwelling and financial situations.
It is a matter of abusiveness and violation including assaults such as shoving, battering, torture, rape, constraining and even sexual abusiveness. Research on such intimate partner violence’s has been worked over more than 20 years with an increasing public awareness and forbearing of this social problem which has been increasing day by day from the underage teen to the adult population. The most common physical acts usually seen over normal states population is the women population torture. This leads to a decline in the adult population who are eligible for the marriage bonds. Violence is a crime which usually involves two understandable partners in a relationship (Harne, L., …show more content…
2008).
In many cases, children suffer living in a relationship with abusive tolerance are in a risk of impairment. Children mostly in the violated families had to face these sorts of risks at a greater level by being involved into sexually abusiveness. As domestic violence is not limited to only obvious physical violence but also mean criminal coercion, unlawful acts (imprisonment), harassments (sexual and fights), kidnapping and stalking (NSW Police Force, 2013).
Discussion
As according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary domestic violence is stated as a physical injury by one person or any member to another person or household member who could also be categorized in habitual behaviors. Such as in intimate terrorism it is an element to control someone that is usually a person takes hold over another person emotionally and psychologically. This can also involve serious injuries like violent tendencies. There are many forms in which they can be categorized to further break down and interpret domestic violence in various conditions. As all forms have one purpose to explain this violence is “to hypnotize or maintain control over the victims mind”. (NSW Police Force, 2013)
The usual forms in which Domestic Violence can be found
Physical
Physical abuse is a form of violence which involves the contact of two persons intended to contract their feelings of intimidation or physical suffering. In this category it also includes the physical contact of hitting, choking, burning, acid throwing, fighting and any other type of contact which causes a result in physical injury, death or murder of the victim. Denying the attention over the medical care provided when needed also involves in some situations like forcing the sufferer to get addicted to drugs/alcohol usage against their will. This may also include injury over children in order to cause psychological abuse. Circumstances may create a multiple affect over the victim’s family, or spouses because it is not the sufferer who bears all the violence over its self but even children are also sometimes victimized due to hyper-vigilance, depression and nightmares. It is now known as the effects of trauma, as it is once engrained in a victims mind, then it won’t go away easily as it will survive with him/her even when the trauma is removed. Physical battering also consists of slapping, spanking, stalking and even harassments. Mostly women are being chastised or castigate by their husbands due to some financial or economic factors creating barriers between their relationships (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). There are around 3 to 4 million women in the United States who are beaten by their husbands, or male lovers each year (United States Judiciary Committee, 1990). This uniformly makes an average of every one woman is beaten by their husband or ex husbands every 15 seconds (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1991). Non-violent coercive tactics are sometimes used by the abusive partners over their separation, where the physical proximity is low, and children are the most adequate source of bonding of parents where the husband and wife stay connected even when they have been physically separated. U.S. government and professional bodies have taken strong actions over the custody awards to the violent parents. The American Bar Association (ABA) has passed resolutions over statutory presumption allowing the custody of traffickers.
Physically the torture over the victim is always a painful act where he/she is helpless unless the professional bodies or judiciary take specific measures to reduce the number of such acts in number of states towards custody awards. The perpetrator is the main criminal who is accountable for the whole criminal behavior under NSW law, by placing their case in the court. Around 1.3 million women are being victimized over the physical assaulting by an intimate partner each year (IPV against women in U.S., 2003).
Sexual Sexual abuse is violence in which forcefully or by threatening to attempt for marital rape or unwanted sexual activity. It is an activity in which a person is forced to engage in sexual acts against his/her will, even though they are intimate partners or unknown to each other. This sort of sex can also be defined as concurrent or uncontested sex as it is an act of violence and assailment. As it is stated, that by menacing a person can sexually violate a person to trafficking or cause mischief acts and noxious harm. It is a major public health problem for women and a violation of human rights. It may include increased vulnerability to HIV and reproductive health problems (World Health Organization, 2002). These stats show the victimization by an intimate partner in the lifetime span and previous 12 months since July 2000 (U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 2000). The spousal rape or generally known as marital rape is a non-consensual sex, in this violence the perpetrator is the main victim who attempts for the rape of his/her own spouse. A law has been passed in United States as spousal rape is illegal in 50 states (Martial rape law passed in 1987).
Sexual abuse can either be in the case of a completed or an engagement in a sexual act against his/her will. It might be in some or the other way, like the teenage population is mostly not aware of these acts and is unable to understand the conditions of such acts. This may lead to child sex violation and inability to communicate indisposition to engage in the sexual acts Immaturity, alcohol or any sort of drugs may become a part of hypnotizing the other intimate person to engage in unlawful acts. Abortion of infants has increased due to such violation because of which U.S. has taken measures to prevent clinics to compound the effect of these laws by alerting the law enforcement to charge clinics for such acts. But this did fail because mostly patients like women, for them it is very devastating for them to have their abortion without letting their spouses or family know for their own safety (Lopez, B.C, et.al, 2011).
Emotional Emotional abuse is also called psychological abuse, which may include the humiliation of a victim and isolating the victim from all their spouses and friends. As a person insults another intimate person, so the victim starts to become psychologically ashamed of their reputation and looses their independence. Emotionally blackmailing is also one o f the embarrassments which also harms or threatens him/her to get penalized for some violence situations. Emotional abuse may also take away the victims freedom to injure or harm him/her. Even like teenagers have a habit of calling names and constantly criticizing their friends or colleagues to damage the victims self-esteem which is also a form of verbal abuse violence. Perpetrators often attempt in hostility because they cause unfriendliness and distance in relationships which they find a situation where conflicts are raised. Even teaching and forcing the victims rudely and criticizing them harshly may let the victim take measures which will affect them with a negative attitude towards their life. This negative attitude may change the person’s views that they start blaming themselves for the abuse (Johnson, P. M. 2008).
The sense of internal strength is being controlled by the perpetrator who eliminates away all those feelings, expressions and relationships of the victim, this might lead the victim become insane. However, that makes the victim become helpless where he/she finds ways to escape from the situation they are stuck. For such situations U.S. government has worked over laws and regulations that figure out solutions for such violence’s. People who usually suffer from emotional violence, they have to suffer from disconsolation and misery which leads them to take drugs, alcohol and sometimes suicide.
Verbal Verbal abuse of violence is usually harming a person with the abusive language that involves the perpetrators behavior. Threatening a person like taking the help of political parties may abuse a victim to hurt him/her either intentionally or forcibly. The usage of foul language and the interjections are the most commonly used verbal violations in abusing any victim. People with the habit of contemptuous laughter at someone is showing their disrespect in aggressive forms and blaming others for their own problems. It is a type of communication which is can be falsely used against anyone as face to face or as in backbiting. Hurting this way may also force the victim to take negative measures to get aggressive and take help of professional bodies who are involved to handle such cases. People may get hurt when they get to hear about the comments about them are negative, so that hurts their feelings and can also cause depression or negative presumptions. Mostly college teens in their high schools use this sort of violence on their daily basis because some people find it amusing when they humiliate or make fun of others. Backbiting is the biggest example where verbal violence can be taken where the perpetrator abuses or violates the victim feelings and intentions verbally (Hester, M., et.al, 2007).
Economic The economic form of abuse involves the intimate partner to take over and get over the hold of the other victims economic resources and assets physically and financially. This makes the perpetrator to prevent the victim to control or use his/her own resources and limits him/her to acquire it or exploit the economic resources. Prevention may also include acquiring of assets, education and finding employment, but the involvement of law and enforcement takes the major part to foresee such situations. Children are the main target nowadays as husband and wives create quarrels and the assaults of economic abuse affect children thinking due to which law has to involve taking a major part to look over this through jurisdiction. Sometimes the abuser uses up the whole money that the victim owns and puts him/her on an allowance or debt, and completely spends victim’s savings to limit their resources. In this case, law and enforcement takes all the views from the perpetrator and the victim to an arbitrator to figure out a solution. In this case the victim might get bankrupt and may lose all or some of its assets that he/she owns.
Honor Killing Honor killing is an abuse where a member may contact a third person or any other social group who are indulged in assassinations for the homicide of a family member or for their intimate partner. As the perpetrator gets disowned by the victim due to which he/she beliefs insecure with the indignity created by the intimate partner. In this case of abuse usually assassination and vengeance takes place where a committed death is planned by one member for the other intimate partner. Women are usually targeted in this case as forceful marriages are a big problem which usually families have an issue on the refusal of the proposal. Even in the case of divorces, husbands don’t leave their wives in peace even after their separation. Getting involved in adultery acts such as fornication may lead to illegal acts which may let the law and enforcements figure out solution to a positive outcome. Women in the age span from 20-24 are the highest risk for facing this abuse (Kenney, L. K., 2012). Children are being targeted in every abuse because after all the violence carried out between husbands and wives because children find themselves in depression, helpless and insecure at their home and find their own places for peace. The realization of such abuse doesn’t get to know at the start, but children after knowing all the mishaps going around their parents, start searching for a place where they don’t get involved into such situations where law and enforcements have to calumniate them for the reason their parents have been fighting for (Kenney, L. K., 2012).
Effects on children who face Domestic Violence More than around 3.3 million children have to witness domestic violence in the U.S. each year (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Children mostly have to face emotional abuse, social, cognitive and psychological abuse because they are not aware of such violence’s due to maturity and unintentional behavior. The impact usually forces them to act violently and react negatively which may let them force to use physical force to harm their intimate partner involved in the act. Cases where children have to watch their parents acting an abuse in front of them, this witness of mother-assault or father-assault may lead to the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The consequences of such violence are more severe onto children because psychologically they do not have the ability to seek any experience of such abuse until they are mature enough to tackle such violent abuses. Increase in aggressiveness and anxiety may lead to misbehaving acts while socializing with their friends and family members. The traumatic stress may also rise by the depression that children have to bear due to the attitude problems and understanding between them and social community. Their education life will start getting ruined time by the time as concentration on studies and problem-solving will start developing in various circumstances that a self-esteem depression may rise (Johnson, P. M., 2008). The maturity of a child is just unpredictable because every child has a different trend of their learning curve, due to which they might get indulged in adultery acts in their childhood which can also be learned because nowadays everything is just so easy to access that by the time the child reaches his/her teenage life, he/she has almost had enough knowledge of all the sexual abuse and experience of abuse which he/she could not neglect in their childhood (Hester, M., et.al, 2007). Age, as a major impact of a child’s life, where he/she has no idea that where and when are they going to involve in violated acts as there is still much to learn for them in their age. A person in an adolescent age may get involved into drugs, early marriages, and running away from their homes or get into criminal activities. Amongst siblings, the elder and the younger have different views because the elder seeks and gets indulged into abusive acts but the younger ones have their elder’s eye onto them which restricts them to indulge into violence (Hester, M., et.al, 2007).
Impact of domestic violence over under-age school going children The young children had to face problems which may affect their education life where they sometimes get dragged away into violent acts, such as child labor, trusting unknown strangers and sometimes their behavioral problems. Being scolded by elder siblings may make them react oppositely which is not good for school-aged children. The impact on these children increases day by day until when they reach their maturity age, they have a lot of changed attitude and intentions to perform wisely. Children also grab such abusive activities by the social community where they communicate and live in.
The impact of race and ethnicity of domestic violence on children This might be important but, however, in U.S. there are measures taken over the white and black race children discrimination where they have more externalizing and internalizing behavioral difficulties faced by them. They do have problems facing each other as it is quoted by their law that race discrimination is illegal because this does affect their reputation and make them embarrass in the public. Local authorities took a step while making a public law under section 47 of the Children Act 1989, the safeguards for the children welfare so that they won’t get any significant harm (Hester, M., et.al, 2007). This has been a big problem when children from different countries live or communicate together.
The violence and control in Intimate Relationships There are four types of domestic violence in an intimate relationship: (i) Intimate Terrorism (ii) Violent Resistance (iii) Situational Couple Violence (iv) Mutual Violent Resistance Intimate Terrorism can be briefly explained as the individual is violent and wants to become the controller for his/her acts, as the partner does not. This can be a part of terrorism because the intimate partner is scandalized by whether hypnotizing or being controlled due to physical force. Figure 2 explains the control of a partner in the general public while taking over the control of its intimate partner. These are the most common ways through which an intimate partner shows his/her power and control of leading in the relationship which they are having.
If we just start clockwise from economic abuse then it is clearly explained that he who controls takes over the control of all the money spent to make the victim go on allowance or increase their debt. Just as an example a father is a head of the family so he rules over the whole family. Now the control of the father is more than anyone in the family so the disputes may arise between husband, wife and children. Now disputes may raise threats and intimation from the father as he makes an order and it should be followed or else violence may take place (Cook, W. C., 2009). Violent resistance is where the women give a tit for tat to her husband and a physical fight may create at this point of relationship. This assault may worsen the relations as for most of the women they might have it in heterosexual relationships, they could not come up to a solution so they find the only way to finish it for once and for all that is to kill their intimate partner. The first thing that pops out in a woman’s mind is to self defense, or U.S. has passed out laws in the courts for the “battered woman defense” for those women whom clearly no way to get off from hopeless situations (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Situational couple violation is an abuse where it is not necessary that gaining control over the relationship is the strongest point or not. It could be even due to perpetrator creating an exasperated feeling and emotional feeling to make the victim react to step into violence. A physical reaction may arise in the first place in extreme anger or frustration. This situation is created when one could not find a way to find a solution, so to just end up the argument, he/she decides to win the case by physically reacting to the perpetrator (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Mutual violent control is the situation where both partners are involved in the terrorist act of violent behavior and they are reacting equally with violent attempts. In such situations there is a “mutual combat” where both partners fighting for control over the relationship which shows the intimate of terrorism from both sides (Johnson, P. M., 2008).
Table 1 shows the survey of men’s violence in different intimate relationships.
Table 2 shows the survey of women’s violence in different intimate relationships.
With the conflicts and problems between husband and wives, children are affected with social, psychological and lifestyle wise.
Approaches for reduction in Domestic Violence Although the research about the perpetrators as discussed above is to take control over the women through violence, this is sometimes being the reason of the psychotherapeutic approaches that locate in their unhappy childhood experiences. As merely in their childhood they haven’t been trained to control or manage their anger. Women blaming and reinforcing ideologies that mostly the women population are responsible for the violence they have perceived it since the violence took place (Harne, L., 2008). Situations where there is couple counseling such as the behavior or refusing sex for the women becomes a reason to create partners violence. The anger at this stage which the man shows to the women might be unbearable for a married couple rather than a newly married one. And in some cases where the man is addicted to drugs, alcohol or smoking then it has situations to create physical interaction too. But there has been an anger management courses to help out such situations on the request of battering of women (Harne, L., 2008). A pro-feminist approach follows the psychological principals which hold the perpetrators who are responsible for the violence and work out a solution rather than being violent to figure out one. A practice is being carried out to calculate the cognitive behavioral techniques and the educational behavior to directionally come up against with better attitudes (Harne, L., 2008). To overcome these problems not only law and enforcements have taken action, but the jurisdiction has also made laws in favor of women and men equally so that they both can report with fair confiding information. An arbitrator (judge) is being chosen to come up with a solution to fairly arbitrate a positive result (Harne, L., 2008). The rights for women are being protected according to the “The Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act, 2005” under the constitution for the victims of the violence, of any kind occurring within their families (Harne, L., 2008).
Conclusion Domestic Violence is a determined and fortunately a bashful problem which is also faced in many other countries other than United States. The more we get to conceive and distinguish about the issues, the better we can find solutions to the issues raised by the battered women and the ones who get unintentionally into such abusive activities. People are mostly lacking with the knowledge to which they are not aware off. The victim can have any sort of gender, race, age or economical background. The perpetrator may cause domestic violence while using his/her force to cause injury, which could whether be physical, financial, emotional, sexual and verbally abusive. Domestic violence is an amplifying pattern of intimidation, which can be used by men and women to gain control over each other (Harne, L., 2008). This study indicates the seclusion and a deficiency of social support of the women population, which prevents them while seeking help from social professional bodies. A tremendous need of study in the socioeconomically context may let the professional bodies figure out better strategies of intervention and prevention can be refined. This way discovery of abusive violence can be tackled to handle them and figure out new ways to find solutions to them. The outcomes are not easily measurable, as the most difficult outcomes of independent living, employment, education and social integration might not be that easy to sustain. Domestic violence has no such boundaries which would barricade the affect of abuse in the general public, because there is no cultural, race, economical or color discrimination.
References
Cook, W. C., (2009) The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Abused Man. Data retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wpudCuNgNPcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=domestic+violence+ebooks&hl=en&sa=X&ei=egSaUeOHO-fk4QTXgYHoAg&ved=0CHUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false David, H., Eve, B., April, P. & Don, F. (2007) Domestic violence and mandatory arrest laws: to what extent do they influence police arrest decisions? Journal of criminal law & criminology volume98 issue1, pp. 255-298. Data retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218408197/13DCF0D623B1F65CE3/45?accountid=35812
Diane, S.
(2003) Representing domestic violence: ambivalence and difference in what 's love got to do with it. NWSA journal volume 15 issue 02, pp. 57-75. Data retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/233235893/13DCF0D623B1F65CE3/3?accountid=35812
Harne, L., Radford, J., (2008), Tackling Domestic Violence, McGraw-Hill International, Data received from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rpJgLOoPYIUC&pg=PA178&dq=approaches+for+reduction+in+domestic+violence&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2gaaUa-_OoakPbWtgPgG&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=approaches%20for%20reduction%20in%20domestic%20violence&f=false
Hester, M., Pearson, C., Harwin, N. & Abrahams, H. (2007) Making an impact: children and domestic violence, A reader. Data retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vJa5n6f33XsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=domestic+violence+ebooks&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tXmDUdzOCIHL0QXbtoGoAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=domestic%20violence%20ebooks&f=false
Howard, L .M., Trevillion, K., Khalifeh, H., Woodall, A., Agnew-Davies, R. & Feder, G. (2010) Domestic violence and severe psychiatric disorders: prevalence and interventions. Psychological medicine volume 40 issue 06, pp. 881-893. Data retrieved from
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Johnson, P. M. (2008) A typology of domestic violence. Data retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EzB6A7BuqJoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=domestic+violence+ebooks&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tXmDUdzOCIHL0QXbtoGoAQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false
Kenney, L. K. (2012) Domestic violence. Data retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UbPzLSLzmbcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=domestic+violence+ebooks&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tXmDUdzOCIHL0QXbtoGoAQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA
Kersti, Y. (2001) What causes men 's violence against women? American anthropologist volume a103 issue 02, pp. 02. Data retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/198190611/13DCF0D623B1F65CE3/35?accountid=35812
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Mahapatra, N., (2008), South Asian Women and Domestic Violence: Incidence and Informal and Formal Help-seeking, Pro Quest, data retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_kcMXNnZLDkC&pg=PA150&dq=conclusion+for+domestic+violence&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xfeaUdDrHeet4AT19oGIAQ&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=conclusion%20for%20domestic%20violence&f=false
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[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution] Abstract
Domestic Violence is also known as family violence, battering, domestic abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). It causes an inflicting physical injury to a person by one partner to another partner aggressively and emotionally too. Perpetrators of domestic violence are from all the educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. As this is a crime that has been stated into many forms to intimate a person or animal (pets) or even damaging joint or personal property. The victim of assaulter can be a male or female, but the violence act over women has a greater impact over the U.S. society. The outline of the paper suppresses the torture, torment and annoyance of the …show more content…
majority population of women in the United States as the way they treated is totally against the Department of Justice. The federal, local and the state agencies have been focusing on this issue of domestic violence since (1995). As this term “Intimate Partner Violence” makes a bond between two partners and lead to a long term congruity.
Domestic Violence
Introduction
Domestic Violence is not only taken as violence of threat, but it also involves in dwelling and financial situations.
It is a matter of abusiveness and violation including assaults such as shoving, battering, torture, rape, constraining and even sexual abusiveness. Research on such intimate partner violence’s has been worked over more than 20 years with an increasing public awareness and forbearing of this social problem which has been increasing day by day from the underage teen to the adult population. The most common physical acts usually seen over normal states population is the women population torture. This leads to a decline in the adult population who are eligible for the marriage bonds. Violence is a crime which usually involves two understandable partners in a relationship (Harne, L., …show more content…
2008).
In many cases, children suffer living in a relationship with abusive tolerance are in a risk of impairment. Children mostly in the violated families had to face these sorts of risks at a greater level by being involved into sexually abusiveness. As domestic violence is not limited to only obvious physical violence but also mean criminal coercion, unlawful acts (imprisonment), harassments (sexual and fights), kidnapping and stalking (NSW Police Force, 2013).
Discussion
As according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary domestic violence is stated as a physical injury by one person or any member to another person or household member who could also be categorized in habitual behaviors. Such as in intimate terrorism it is an element to control someone that is usually a person takes hold over another person emotionally and psychologically. This can also involve serious injuries like violent tendencies. There are many forms in which they can be categorized to further break down and interpret domestic violence in various conditions. As all forms have one purpose to explain this violence is “to hypnotize or maintain control over the victims mind”. (NSW Police Force, 2013)
The usual forms in which Domestic Violence can be found
Physical
Physical abuse is a form of violence which involves the contact of two persons intended to contract their feelings of intimidation or physical suffering. In this category it also includes the physical contact of hitting, choking, burning, acid throwing, fighting and any other type of contact which causes a result in physical injury, death or murder of the victim. Denying the attention over the medical care provided when needed also involves in some situations like forcing the sufferer to get addicted to drugs/alcohol usage against their will. This may also include injury over children in order to cause psychological abuse. Circumstances may create a multiple affect over the victim’s family, or spouses because it is not the sufferer who bears all the violence over its self but even children are also sometimes victimized due to hyper-vigilance, depression and nightmares. It is now known as the effects of trauma, as it is once engrained in a victims mind, then it won’t go away easily as it will survive with him/her even when the trauma is removed. Physical battering also consists of slapping, spanking, stalking and even harassments. Mostly women are being chastised or castigate by their husbands due to some financial or economic factors creating barriers between their relationships (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). There are around 3 to 4 million women in the United States who are beaten by their husbands, or male lovers each year (United States Judiciary Committee, 1990). This uniformly makes an average of every one woman is beaten by their husband or ex husbands every 15 seconds (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1991). Non-violent coercive tactics are sometimes used by the abusive partners over their separation, where the physical proximity is low, and children are the most adequate source of bonding of parents where the husband and wife stay connected even when they have been physically separated. U.S. government and professional bodies have taken strong actions over the custody awards to the violent parents. The American Bar Association (ABA) has passed resolutions over statutory presumption allowing the custody of traffickers.
Physically the torture over the victim is always a painful act where he/she is helpless unless the professional bodies or judiciary take specific measures to reduce the number of such acts in number of states towards custody awards. The perpetrator is the main criminal who is accountable for the whole criminal behavior under NSW law, by placing their case in the court. Around 1.3 million women are being victimized over the physical assaulting by an intimate partner each year (IPV against women in U.S., 2003).
Sexual Sexual abuse is violence in which forcefully or by threatening to attempt for marital rape or unwanted sexual activity. It is an activity in which a person is forced to engage in sexual acts against his/her will, even though they are intimate partners or unknown to each other. This sort of sex can also be defined as concurrent or uncontested sex as it is an act of violence and assailment. As it is stated, that by menacing a person can sexually violate a person to trafficking or cause mischief acts and noxious harm. It is a major public health problem for women and a violation of human rights. It may include increased vulnerability to HIV and reproductive health problems (World Health Organization, 2002). These stats show the victimization by an intimate partner in the lifetime span and previous 12 months since July 2000 (U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 2000). The spousal rape or generally known as marital rape is a non-consensual sex, in this violence the perpetrator is the main victim who attempts for the rape of his/her own spouse. A law has been passed in United States as spousal rape is illegal in 50 states (Martial rape law passed in 1987).
Sexual abuse can either be in the case of a completed or an engagement in a sexual act against his/her will. It might be in some or the other way, like the teenage population is mostly not aware of these acts and is unable to understand the conditions of such acts. This may lead to child sex violation and inability to communicate indisposition to engage in the sexual acts Immaturity, alcohol or any sort of drugs may become a part of hypnotizing the other intimate person to engage in unlawful acts. Abortion of infants has increased due to such violation because of which U.S. has taken measures to prevent clinics to compound the effect of these laws by alerting the law enforcement to charge clinics for such acts. But this did fail because mostly patients like women, for them it is very devastating for them to have their abortion without letting their spouses or family know for their own safety (Lopez, B.C, et.al, 2011).
Emotional Emotional abuse is also called psychological abuse, which may include the humiliation of a victim and isolating the victim from all their spouses and friends. As a person insults another intimate person, so the victim starts to become psychologically ashamed of their reputation and looses their independence. Emotionally blackmailing is also one o f the embarrassments which also harms or threatens him/her to get penalized for some violence situations. Emotional abuse may also take away the victims freedom to injure or harm him/her. Even like teenagers have a habit of calling names and constantly criticizing their friends or colleagues to damage the victims self-esteem which is also a form of verbal abuse violence. Perpetrators often attempt in hostility because they cause unfriendliness and distance in relationships which they find a situation where conflicts are raised. Even teaching and forcing the victims rudely and criticizing them harshly may let the victim take measures which will affect them with a negative attitude towards their life. This negative attitude may change the person’s views that they start blaming themselves for the abuse (Johnson, P. M. 2008).
The sense of internal strength is being controlled by the perpetrator who eliminates away all those feelings, expressions and relationships of the victim, this might lead the victim become insane. However, that makes the victim become helpless where he/she finds ways to escape from the situation they are stuck. For such situations U.S. government has worked over laws and regulations that figure out solutions for such violence’s. People who usually suffer from emotional violence, they have to suffer from disconsolation and misery which leads them to take drugs, alcohol and sometimes suicide.
Verbal Verbal abuse of violence is usually harming a person with the abusive language that involves the perpetrators behavior. Threatening a person like taking the help of political parties may abuse a victim to hurt him/her either intentionally or forcibly. The usage of foul language and the interjections are the most commonly used verbal violations in abusing any victim. People with the habit of contemptuous laughter at someone is showing their disrespect in aggressive forms and blaming others for their own problems. It is a type of communication which is can be falsely used against anyone as face to face or as in backbiting. Hurting this way may also force the victim to take negative measures to get aggressive and take help of professional bodies who are involved to handle such cases. People may get hurt when they get to hear about the comments about them are negative, so that hurts their feelings and can also cause depression or negative presumptions. Mostly college teens in their high schools use this sort of violence on their daily basis because some people find it amusing when they humiliate or make fun of others. Backbiting is the biggest example where verbal violence can be taken where the perpetrator abuses or violates the victim feelings and intentions verbally (Hester, M., et.al, 2007).
Economic The economic form of abuse involves the intimate partner to take over and get over the hold of the other victims economic resources and assets physically and financially. This makes the perpetrator to prevent the victim to control or use his/her own resources and limits him/her to acquire it or exploit the economic resources. Prevention may also include acquiring of assets, education and finding employment, but the involvement of law and enforcement takes the major part to foresee such situations. Children are the main target nowadays as husband and wives create quarrels and the assaults of economic abuse affect children thinking due to which law has to involve taking a major part to look over this through jurisdiction. Sometimes the abuser uses up the whole money that the victim owns and puts him/her on an allowance or debt, and completely spends victim’s savings to limit their resources. In this case, law and enforcement takes all the views from the perpetrator and the victim to an arbitrator to figure out a solution. In this case the victim might get bankrupt and may lose all or some of its assets that he/she owns.
Honor Killing Honor killing is an abuse where a member may contact a third person or any other social group who are indulged in assassinations for the homicide of a family member or for their intimate partner. As the perpetrator gets disowned by the victim due to which he/she beliefs insecure with the indignity created by the intimate partner. In this case of abuse usually assassination and vengeance takes place where a committed death is planned by one member for the other intimate partner. Women are usually targeted in this case as forceful marriages are a big problem which usually families have an issue on the refusal of the proposal. Even in the case of divorces, husbands don’t leave their wives in peace even after their separation. Getting involved in adultery acts such as fornication may lead to illegal acts which may let the law and enforcements figure out solution to a positive outcome. Women in the age span from 20-24 are the highest risk for facing this abuse (Kenney, L. K., 2012). Children are being targeted in every abuse because after all the violence carried out between husbands and wives because children find themselves in depression, helpless and insecure at their home and find their own places for peace. The realization of such abuse doesn’t get to know at the start, but children after knowing all the mishaps going around their parents, start searching for a place where they don’t get involved into such situations where law and enforcements have to calumniate them for the reason their parents have been fighting for (Kenney, L. K., 2012).
Effects on children who face Domestic Violence More than around 3.3 million children have to witness domestic violence in the U.S. each year (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Children mostly have to face emotional abuse, social, cognitive and psychological abuse because they are not aware of such violence’s due to maturity and unintentional behavior. The impact usually forces them to act violently and react negatively which may let them force to use physical force to harm their intimate partner involved in the act. Cases where children have to watch their parents acting an abuse in front of them, this witness of mother-assault or father-assault may lead to the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The consequences of such violence are more severe onto children because psychologically they do not have the ability to seek any experience of such abuse until they are mature enough to tackle such violent abuses. Increase in aggressiveness and anxiety may lead to misbehaving acts while socializing with their friends and family members. The traumatic stress may also rise by the depression that children have to bear due to the attitude problems and understanding between them and social community. Their education life will start getting ruined time by the time as concentration on studies and problem-solving will start developing in various circumstances that a self-esteem depression may rise (Johnson, P. M., 2008). The maturity of a child is just unpredictable because every child has a different trend of their learning curve, due to which they might get indulged in adultery acts in their childhood which can also be learned because nowadays everything is just so easy to access that by the time the child reaches his/her teenage life, he/she has almost had enough knowledge of all the sexual abuse and experience of abuse which he/she could not neglect in their childhood (Hester, M., et.al, 2007). Age, as a major impact of a child’s life, where he/she has no idea that where and when are they going to involve in violated acts as there is still much to learn for them in their age. A person in an adolescent age may get involved into drugs, early marriages, and running away from their homes or get into criminal activities. Amongst siblings, the elder and the younger have different views because the elder seeks and gets indulged into abusive acts but the younger ones have their elder’s eye onto them which restricts them to indulge into violence (Hester, M., et.al, 2007).
Impact of domestic violence over under-age school going children The young children had to face problems which may affect their education life where they sometimes get dragged away into violent acts, such as child labor, trusting unknown strangers and sometimes their behavioral problems. Being scolded by elder siblings may make them react oppositely which is not good for school-aged children. The impact on these children increases day by day until when they reach their maturity age, they have a lot of changed attitude and intentions to perform wisely. Children also grab such abusive activities by the social community where they communicate and live in.
The impact of race and ethnicity of domestic violence on children This might be important but, however, in U.S. there are measures taken over the white and black race children discrimination where they have more externalizing and internalizing behavioral difficulties faced by them. They do have problems facing each other as it is quoted by their law that race discrimination is illegal because this does affect their reputation and make them embarrass in the public. Local authorities took a step while making a public law under section 47 of the Children Act 1989, the safeguards for the children welfare so that they won’t get any significant harm (Hester, M., et.al, 2007). This has been a big problem when children from different countries live or communicate together.
The violence and control in Intimate Relationships There are four types of domestic violence in an intimate relationship: (i) Intimate Terrorism (ii) Violent Resistance (iii) Situational Couple Violence (iv) Mutual Violent Resistance Intimate Terrorism can be briefly explained as the individual is violent and wants to become the controller for his/her acts, as the partner does not. This can be a part of terrorism because the intimate partner is scandalized by whether hypnotizing or being controlled due to physical force. Figure 2 explains the control of a partner in the general public while taking over the control of its intimate partner. These are the most common ways through which an intimate partner shows his/her power and control of leading in the relationship which they are having.
If we just start clockwise from economic abuse then it is clearly explained that he who controls takes over the control of all the money spent to make the victim go on allowance or increase their debt. Just as an example a father is a head of the family so he rules over the whole family. Now the control of the father is more than anyone in the family so the disputes may arise between husband, wife and children. Now disputes may raise threats and intimation from the father as he makes an order and it should be followed or else violence may take place (Cook, W. C., 2009). Violent resistance is where the women give a tit for tat to her husband and a physical fight may create at this point of relationship. This assault may worsen the relations as for most of the women they might have it in heterosexual relationships, they could not come up to a solution so they find the only way to finish it for once and for all that is to kill their intimate partner. The first thing that pops out in a woman’s mind is to self defense, or U.S. has passed out laws in the courts for the “battered woman defense” for those women whom clearly no way to get off from hopeless situations (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Situational couple violation is an abuse where it is not necessary that gaining control over the relationship is the strongest point or not. It could be even due to perpetrator creating an exasperated feeling and emotional feeling to make the victim react to step into violence. A physical reaction may arise in the first place in extreme anger or frustration. This situation is created when one could not find a way to find a solution, so to just end up the argument, he/she decides to win the case by physically reacting to the perpetrator (Johnson, P. M., 2008). Mutual violent control is the situation where both partners are involved in the terrorist act of violent behavior and they are reacting equally with violent attempts. In such situations there is a “mutual combat” where both partners fighting for control over the relationship which shows the intimate of terrorism from both sides (Johnson, P. M., 2008).
Table 1 shows the survey of men’s violence in different intimate relationships.
Table 2 shows the survey of women’s violence in different intimate relationships.
With the conflicts and problems between husband and wives, children are affected with social, psychological and lifestyle wise.
Approaches for reduction in Domestic Violence Although the research about the perpetrators as discussed above is to take control over the women through violence, this is sometimes being the reason of the psychotherapeutic approaches that locate in their unhappy childhood experiences. As merely in their childhood they haven’t been trained to control or manage their anger. Women blaming and reinforcing ideologies that mostly the women population are responsible for the violence they have perceived it since the violence took place (Harne, L., 2008). Situations where there is couple counseling such as the behavior or refusing sex for the women becomes a reason to create partners violence. The anger at this stage which the man shows to the women might be unbearable for a married couple rather than a newly married one. And in some cases where the man is addicted to drugs, alcohol or smoking then it has situations to create physical interaction too. But there has been an anger management courses to help out such situations on the request of battering of women (Harne, L., 2008). A pro-feminist approach follows the psychological principals which hold the perpetrators who are responsible for the violence and work out a solution rather than being violent to figure out one. A practice is being carried out to calculate the cognitive behavioral techniques and the educational behavior to directionally come up against with better attitudes (Harne, L., 2008). To overcome these problems not only law and enforcements have taken action, but the jurisdiction has also made laws in favor of women and men equally so that they both can report with fair confiding information. An arbitrator (judge) is being chosen to come up with a solution to fairly arbitrate a positive result (Harne, L., 2008). The rights for women are being protected according to the “The Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act, 2005” under the constitution for the victims of the violence, of any kind occurring within their families (Harne, L., 2008).
Conclusion Domestic Violence is a determined and fortunately a bashful problem which is also faced in many other countries other than United States. The more we get to conceive and distinguish about the issues, the better we can find solutions to the issues raised by the battered women and the ones who get unintentionally into such abusive activities. People are mostly lacking with the knowledge to which they are not aware off. The victim can have any sort of gender, race, age or economical background. The perpetrator may cause domestic violence while using his/her force to cause injury, which could whether be physical, financial, emotional, sexual and verbally abusive. Domestic violence is an amplifying pattern of intimidation, which can be used by men and women to gain control over each other (Harne, L., 2008). This study indicates the seclusion and a deficiency of social support of the women population, which prevents them while seeking help from social professional bodies. A tremendous need of study in the socioeconomically context may let the professional bodies figure out better strategies of intervention and prevention can be refined. This way discovery of abusive violence can be tackled to handle them and figure out new ways to find solutions to them. The outcomes are not easily measurable, as the most difficult outcomes of independent living, employment, education and social integration might not be that easy to sustain. Domestic violence has no such boundaries which would barricade the affect of abuse in the general public, because there is no cultural, race, economical or color discrimination.
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