Draft Horse

Reference is the process that allows listeners to connect novel portions of a discourse to previously mentioned portions.
Zero pronouns (Ø) are used there a single prominent entity is the main focus of attention. An example would be “Draft horse is one you get on tap instead of Ø in a bottle.” In this case, we do not see an explicit pronoun that says who is found “in a bottle”. The indefinite singular pronoun one refers to the draft horse. The zero pronoun is in reference to the ultimately the draft horse. We can easily make the zero pronoun explicit by inserting one, “Draft horse is one you get on tap instead of [one] in a bottle.” There is no word that says the zero pronoun is one, yet the listener is able to interpret the sentence since the main focus is the subject draft horse.
he, she, it) is a type of anaphor that functions as the noun phrase and may refer to something previously mentioned in the discourse. For example, the first-person singular pronoun I is in “I did a quick Google just to provide a little science, okay?”. In this case, I refers to the speaker that is uttering the sentence, coded as J in the transcript. The initial description of the transcript described J as one of the brothers in the podcast.
Definite noun phrases are referent or entities that are distinguishable in a given context. An example would be “the draft horses…”. In this case, the speaker of the utterance is referencing to a specific entity, namely the draft horses that is relevant to the context and the topic of conversation. As shown, definite noun phrases are typically preceded by the determiner the but not always in cases where the possessive case is used (e.g. Mary’s car). The indicates that the following noun phrase has been introduced in the