Dsfadsf
Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2006) Developing Creativity in Tourist Experiences: A Solution to the Serial Reproduction of Culture? Tourism Management 27, 1209-1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002
Developing Creativity in Tourist Experiences:
A Solution to the Serial Reproduction of Culture? (summary)
Greg Richards (grichards@interearts.net) and Julie Wilson (jw@urv.net)
As culture is increasingly utilised as a means of social and economic development, the cultural tourism market is being flooded with new attractions, cultural routes and heritage centres. However, many consumers, tired of encountering the serial reproduction of culture in different destinations are searching for alternatives. The rise of skilled consumption, the importance of identity formation and the acquisition of cultural capital in (post)modern society point towards the use of creativity as an alternative to conventional cultural tourism.
Culture has become a basic resource from which the themes and narratives essential to ‘placemaking’ can be derived (Gottdiener, 1997), often seen as tying the physical assets and the living culture together. Many declining cities, for example, have had to create new narratives of regeneration based on urban culture and heritage, as well as making a transition towards an economy of signs and symbols (Lash & Urry, 1994) and the representations of space positioned by Soja (1996:79) as ‘secondspace’. Many rural areas have re-defined themselves as consumption spaces in which history and rural tradition take over from modern agricultural production as the key elements of identification (Cloke, 1993).
Ironically, the strategies adopted by cities to create a ‘distinctive’ image are also converging. Zukin argues that ‘so called “cultural cities” each claim distinctiveness but reproduce the same facilities in any number of places, echoing industrial globalization with its geographically widespread production but concentrated
Developing Creativity in Tourist Experiences:
A Solution to the Serial Reproduction of Culture? (summary)
Greg Richards (grichards@interearts.net) and Julie Wilson (jw@urv.net)
As culture is increasingly utilised as a means of social and economic development, the cultural tourism market is being flooded with new attractions, cultural routes and heritage centres. However, many consumers, tired of encountering the serial reproduction of culture in different destinations are searching for alternatives. The rise of skilled consumption, the importance of identity formation and the acquisition of cultural capital in (post)modern society point towards the use of creativity as an alternative to conventional cultural tourism.
Culture has become a basic resource from which the themes and narratives essential to ‘placemaking’ can be derived (Gottdiener, 1997), often seen as tying the physical assets and the living culture together. Many declining cities, for example, have had to create new narratives of regeneration based on urban culture and heritage, as well as making a transition towards an economy of signs and symbols (Lash & Urry, 1994) and the representations of space positioned by Soja (1996:79) as ‘secondspace’. Many rural areas have re-defined themselves as consumption spaces in which history and rural tradition take over from modern agricultural production as the key elements of identification (Cloke, 1993).
Ironically, the strategies adopted by cities to create a ‘distinctive’ image are also converging. Zukin argues that ‘so called “cultural cities” each claim distinctiveness but reproduce the same facilities in any number of places, echoing industrial globalization with its geographically widespread production but concentrated
References: Ateljevic, I. & Doorne, S. (2000) ‘Staying Within the Fence’: Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 (5), 378-392. Cloke, P. (1993) New Rural Spaces for Tourism and Leisure. In S. Glyptis (ed) Leisure and the Environment (53-70). London: Belhaven. Edensor, T. (1998) Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site. London: Routledge. Evans, G. (2003) Hard-branding the Cultural City – from Prado to Prada, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27 (2), 417-440. Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It Is Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books. Hannigan, J. (1998), Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis, London: Routledge. Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Judd, D. (2004) Visitors and the Spatial Ecology of the City. Online source: www.uic.edu/cuppa/gci/events/gci_winterforum_site/background%20resources/Judd%20Chapter,%20Final.doc (accessed 5th September 2004). Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. London: Earthscan. O’Connor, J. (1998) New Cultural Intermediaries and the Entrepreneurial City. In T. Hall & P. Hubbard (eds) The Entrepreneurial City: Geographies of Politics, Regime and Representation (pp.225-240). Chichester: John Wiley. Pine, B.J. & Gilmore, J.H. (1999) The Experience Economy. Boston: Harvard University Press. Prentice, R. & Andersen, V. (2003) Festival as Creative Destination, Annals of Tourism Research 30 (1), 7-30. Ray, P.H. & Anderson, S.R. (2000) The Cultural Creatives. New York: Three Rivers Press. Richards, G. (2001) Cultural Attractions and European Tourism. Wallingford: CAB International. Richards, G. & Raymond, C. (2000) Creative Tourism. ATLAS News, no. 23, 16-20. Richards, G. & Wilson, J.C. (2004) The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam Cultural Capital of Europe 2001, Urban Studies 41 (10), pp. 1931-1951. Ritzer, G. (1999) Enchanting a disenchanted world: revolutionizing the means of consumption. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA. Russo, A.P. (2002) The "vicious circle" of tourism development in heritage cities, Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 165-182. Scitovsky, T. (1976) The Joyless Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wilson, J. (2002) An Holistic Approach to Tourist Place Image and Spatial Behaviour. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Bristol: University of the West of England. Zukin, S. (1995) The Culture of Cities. Blackwell, Oxford.