Paleo Indian Groups
-Settled around Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi River, centered around modern St. Louis
-Cultivated corn
-Largest city is what is now St. Louis population about 20,000
-Decline about 1250 AD
-Theory about the downfall was an earthquake
Virgin Soil Epidemics
-Caused at least partly by the introduction of European domesticated animals.
-Lack of unity among groups
-Nutrition
-Lack of exposure
Diversity Native Population
-No unity between various native tribes
-Much harder to fend of English settlements
-Tsenacommacah, Powhatan – natives during Virginia settlement
-Pequot War – 1637
Tensions over land and English power
Pequots banded with other tribes
Coastal indians band together
Attacked Puritan settlements (Puritans would burn Indian villages)
Puritans say God is unhappy with them because of the war.
Last time in 40 years the Indians try to fight the Puritans
John Eliot- tried to convert Indians to Christianity (Praying Indians)
Translated bible into indian language
-King Phillips' War – 1675-76 -Metacom, Wampanoag Indians -Attempt to drive the English out of New England -Phillip was his name known to the English, Metacom to the Indians -King Phillip: Metacom: Sachem of the Wampanoag -Sassamon (Harvard-Educated, Metacom's secretary, murdered -Murder sparked this war. -Started in Plymouth Colony -Massachusetts Bay soon entered war. -Brutal fighting -Nov 1675-Aug 1676 -Metacom killed in August 1676 -Edmon Andros (Governor of NY) didn't help, thought Metacom would win
Governor Berkeley (Virginia) didn't help either.
Wampanoags, Pokanokets (a branch of Wampanoags) welcomed Pilgrims in Plymouth 1620
The Lost Colony
-Modern North Carolina. Manteo, Roanoke Island
-Sir Walter Raleigh. First reconnaissance visit, 1584; 1585, planted first colony -Borrowed English Navy ships 1584 (relied on the Navy thus the downfall)
-English Copper VERY IMPORTANT CURRENCY
-Arthur Barlow. Wrote account of colony. (English bronze and iron in warfare)
-Richard Hakluyt. Promoted settlement
-Thomas Heriot. Scientist
-1585, Expedition – state of hostility Spain vs. England
-1587, English landed more settlers but then lost contact.
-Returned in 1590--”Croatoan”
-Theories say colony moved with the Natives (Interracial relationships)
Jamestown (King James I in England)
-First settlers in 1607, mostly jewelers and carpenters
-High mortality rates 1607 April-May
-James River in Virginia
-Chrisopher Newport led voyage
-Left John Smith in charge
-1609 – starving time in Virginia – cannibalism was seen
-Religion is central during this time
-King James I, first opposes tobacco (also promoted use of silk, sent over worms to Virginia)
-Colonies were an extension of England. Didn't start war until the Revolution.
-Powhatan people, natives during settlement
-Settlers did not learn from the mistakes of the Lost Colony
-John Smith – without him, Jamestown would have failed)
-Reinforcements and new governor, Lord de la Warr, 1609
-Reorganized again, 1611. Martial law.
Tobacco in Virginia
-Tobacco, 1613
-Shipped the first tobacco in 1617
-Founding of the House of Burgesses, 1619 (Represents the first form of government, planting families)
-Powhatan Uprising of 1622. Company dissolved, Virginia became a royal colony.
-Commercially grown, 1620s
-400,000 pounds, 1630
-15,000,000 pounds 1660
-Peaked at 20 - 30 million pounds, 1670s-1680s
-Tobacco as currency
-Other cash crops
-Crossbred Indian and Cuban tobacco
-Became profitable in 1620
-Advantages of Tobacco -High yield per acre -Required little capital to set up plantation -1619, Virginia company granted a monopoly -Deference/deferential society
Labor
Native American,
Indentured servitude
Mostly men
Maryland, ratio of men to women was 6:1
Slaves
Fewer than 1500 in 1660 (English population, 30,000)
Puritanism
-Separatists
-Mayflower, Mayflower Compact
-Wampanoags
-Landed in 1620, lived in the Netherlands, wanted to land in NY (Dutch)
-Wanted out of England – live independently, didn't like Church of England and war
-Reputation – Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Maypole of Merry Mount,” Twice Told Tales, 1851 -Gives dark view of the Puritans
-Puritan idea of the Church - “No church or minister should be subordinate to another but all should be joined in brotherly communion in some kind of association.”
-Most important point – Church organization – Puritanism -Too catholic in England -Looks very Roman – wanted far from Roman culture
-Covenant
-John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity.” 1630 -Massachusetts Bay leader
-At end of 1621, first thanksgiving after harvesting.
-Massaddoit – leader of Wampanoag
-1630, John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was Elite -Learned a lot in Plymouth, and Virginia -Encouraged everyone to work together under God -City Upon a Hill – Beginning of America -”We shall be as a City upon a hill...the eyes of all people are upon us.”
-The Great Migration, 21,000 over the next decade
-Yeomen (independent farmers) and Artisans - middling “middle class”, bulk of society
-If you owned land, you were powerful
-Archbishop Laud (William Laud)
-Charles I (king of throne – arbitrary government, feels hes not accountable)
-Desire to build a “Bible Commonwealth” in Plymouth -Archbishop Laud tried enforcing more biblical laws -was very corrupt, Charles I also
-Highly personal faith (Puritanism-something is this way or that way, they believe god can send anyone to heaven)
- Highly personal faith
- Tests of Faith, begin 1635 - Adherence to Calvinist Doctrine - Living a Godly life - Evidence of spiritual conversion.
-Puritan beliefs -Depravity: Man was heritability depraved -Covenant: Belief in communal agreement with God -Election: God as elected some to heaven, hell (predetermined) -Grace: -Love: What everything comes down to.
Settlement Nature/Problems
-The village -English manor – model -Village and town were to social organization what the congregation was to religious -Communication IDEAL
-Tensions
-Fear of declension (go into bad times, how do we get back?) -The Jeremiad (Puritan literature 1630's) -Halfway Covenant, 1662 (8-10 years old, parents can make you premember of the church) -Once you reach 14, you can become full member
-Immigration of Puritans are cut off during English Civil War
-Backsliding (testify your faith)
-Always wondered how to get back to high spirits again
-Church membership (show you understand rules)
-Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colonies were companies.
Indentured Servants
-In Virgina, as many as 2/3 of servants died before end of indenture (about 1/3 in Maryland)
-Dominant labor force until the growth of slavery in the late 1670's
-Could own land after service, could also be bought or sold
-Details of this made for slavery process (practice for slavery)
Famous People
Anne Hutchinson
-1st generation of Puritans 1630's Massachusetts
-Antinomianism: if someone is saved, they don't need to follow Earthly laws
-Devoted to John Cotton, followed him for religious views
-Was evicted from Massachusetts
-Travels from Rhode Island, to CT, Northern NJ then killed by indians
Roger Williams
-Separatism (separate from church and state) – Massachusetts Bay (don't let religion control government
-Opposes Government (pro-indian)
-Banishment
-Landed in Plymouth
-Must separate from Church of England
-Massachusetts government has no legitimacy (they stole the land from the indians)
-Series of letters between him and John Cotton
-Founded Rhode Island (declares himself a baptist)
-Welcomed Quakers, also Jews and Muslims
Bacon's Rebellion 1675 – Nathaniel Bacon
-Was sent to Virginia by his father, cousin of Berkeley
-Received land near Richmond/Fall Line
-Wanted to trade with Indians and hunt beaver
-Burns parts of Jamestown
-Received dysentery and rebellion falls apart
-Bacon's Declaration (similar to Declaration of Independence)
-Middle Plantation – Williamsburg
-Slavery emerges after rebellion -Importance of bound labor force -Indenture -Slavery -2,000 slaves 1670 -13,000 slaves 1700 -Society with slaves -----> Slave society (use of whips)
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