Economy of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Economy of India, Bangladesh & Pakistan

Particulars Page no
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Methodology
Chapter Two: Economic and Demographic Analysis 2.1 Demographic Features 2.1.1 Bangladesh 2.1.2 Japan 2.1.3 India 2.2 Trading Activities 2.2.1 Bangladesh 2.2.2 Japan 2.2.3 India 2.3 Economic Features 2.3.1 Bangladesh 2.3.2 Japan 2.3.3 India
Chapter Three: Comparison
Chapter Four: Conclusion
Sources
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Definitions

“Geography is the study of the world, its people and the interactions between the two”- said by Mr. Bowerman a famous geologist.

“Economic Geography is concerned with the spatial organization and distribution of the economic activities, the use of the world’s resources and distribution and expansion of the world economy.
[Stutz and de Souza 1998: 41]

Merely Geography is a study of environment related with men, space and time. Among two types of geography “Economic Geography” is an element of Human Geography. So in shorts we can say that Economic Geography is the study of location and spatial variations on the earth surface of economic activities related to production, consumption and expansion of goods and services. It deals with economic men of the world and activities of those men and the economic development of the world.

An economic-geographical approach puts spatial concepts such as space, place and scale at the centre of the analysis.

Space: The concept of space refers to physical distance and area. The concept of space allows us to ask simple questions such as where a particular process is happening.
Place: The concept of place aims to capture the specificity or uniqueness of particular places that are carved out of space.
Scale: The concept of scale therefore helps us to organise places through a typology of spatial scales.

Its areas of study includes Theoretical Economic Geography which focuses on building theories about spatial arrangement and distribution of economic activities; Regional Economic Geography which examines the economic conditions of particular regions or countries of the world; Behavioural Economic Geography which examines the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, locational decision making, and behaviour of firms and individuals and so on.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

 Helps understand the basic relationship between Economy and Geography.
 To know the economic condition of the chosen three countries.
 To know the contribution of the different working sectors of the countries.
 To know the relation of the demographic and economic situation of the countries.
 To get a real life working experience by gathering and analyzing data and compiling them together to make a report.

1.3 Methodology

In order to complete the report we have collected both primary and secondary data. The sources of both primary and secondary data are given below.

Primary data: Class lectures Reference books.
Secondary data: Online journals, Websites, Census etc.

After collecting and carefully analyzing all the data, we used them for the report and the graphs and charts. However, though we have tried to be as much informative as we could due to time limitations and human error there may have been some mistakes on our part and we may have omitted some vital piece of information. We apologise for that.

Chapter Two:
Economic and Demographic Analysis
2.1 Demographic Features

Some of the basic demographic features of these countries are given below

2.1.1 Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.

Official name: People's Republic of Bangladesh
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India
Geographic location: 24 00 N, 90 00 E
Capital: Dhaka
National language: Bengali
Official language: Bengali, English
Independence: From Pakistan in March 26, 1971; Victory achieved on 16 December, 1971.
Currency: Taka (BDT)
Area: 147,570 sq km Land: 130,168 sq km Water: 13,830 sq km
Population: 156,050,883 Urban population: 27% of total population Rural population: 73% of total population
Population density: 1,099.3/ sq km

Age structure:
0-14 years: 34.6% (male 27,065,625/female 26,913,961)
15-64 years: 61.4% (male 45,222,182/female 50,537,052)
65 years and over: 4% (male 3,057,255/female 3,254,808)

Pic: Map showing administrative divisions of Bangladesh

Dependency rate: 62.86%
Population growth rate: 1.292%
Life expectancy: 60.25 years
Total fertility rate: 2.74 children born/woman
Infant mortality rate: 59.02 deaths/1,000 live births
Crude birth rate: 24.68 births/1,000 population
Crude death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
2.1.2 Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".

Official name: Nippon
Location: Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula
Geographic location: 36 00 N, 138 00 E
Capital: Tokyo
National language: Japanese
Official language: None
Independence: Japan has never been under foreign colonial control
Currency: Yen
Area: 377,944 sq km Land: 364,485 sq km Water: 13,430 sq km
Population: 127,076,183 Urban population: 66% of total population Rural population: 36% of total population
Population density: 337.2/ sq km
Age structure:
0-14 years: 13.5% (male 8, 804, 465/female 8, 344, 800)
15-64 years: 64.3% (male 41,187, 425/female 40,533, 876)
65 years and over: 22.2% (male 11, 964, 694/female 16, 243, 419)
Dependency rate: 55.52%
Population growth rate: −0.191%
Life expectancy: 81.25 years
Total fertility rate: 1.21 children born/woman

Pic: Administrative map of Japan

Infant mortality rate: 2.79 deaths/1,000 live births
Crude birth rate: 7.64 births/1,000 population
Crude death rate: 9.54 deaths/1,000 population

2.1.3 India
India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres. It is bordered by Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.

Official name: Republic of India
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan.
Geographic location: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Capital: New Delhi
National language: None defined by the constitution
Official language: Hindi
Independence: From the United Kingdom, 15 August 1947
Currency: Indian rupee (₨)
Area: 3,287,240 sq km Land: 2,973,193 sq km Water: 314,070 sq km
Population: 1,156,897,766 Urban population: 29% of total population Rural population: 71% of total population
Population density: 358.7/ sq km
Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.5% (male 187,197,389/female 165,285,592)
15-64 years: 64.3% (male 384,131,994/female 359,795,835)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 28,816,115/female 31,670,841)
Dependency rate: 55.52%
Population growth rate: 1.548%
Life expectancy: 69.89 years
Total fertility rate: 2.68 children born/woman

Pic: Administrative map of India

Infant mortality rate: 50.78 deaths/1,000 live births
Crude birth rate: 21.72 births/1,000 population
Crude death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population

2.2 Trading Activities

The main good that these countries import and export are given below

2.2.1 Bangladesh

Main industries: Jute manufacturing, Cotton textiles, Garments, Tea processing, Paper newsprint, Sugar, Light engineering, Chemical, Cement, Fertilizer, Food processing.

EXPORT
Goods Countries
1. Garments UAE, UK, USA, Canada, Sweden, Japan, Australia, Belgium etc
2. Jute and Jute goods Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Egypt, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Turkey, UAE, UK,
3. Leather Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Spain
4. Frozen Food Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, India, Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UK, UAE, USA
5. Chemical Products Afghanistan, Australia, Belgium, China, France, India, Korea, Myanmar, Philippines, Poland, Thailand, UK, USA

During 2008-2009 economic years the total amount of export was $18.36 billion.

Main Export Partners
Country % Country %
1. US 31.8 2. Germany 10.9
3. UK 7.9 4. France 5.2
5. Netherlands 5.2 6. Japan 4.6

IMPORT
Goods Countries
1. Machinery and equipment China, Germany, Russia, UK, USA, Japan, Korea, Singapore, India
2. Chemicals China, Japan, Korea, UK, USA, Russia, India, Singapore
3. Iron and steel USA, Africa, Russia, Korea, India
4. Food China. Japan, USA, UK, India, Singapore, Thailand, Germany
5. Crude oil and Petroleum products USA, Mexico, Russia, UK, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran

In 2008-2009 economic years the total amount of Import was $19.23 billion
Main Import Partners
Country % Country %
1. China 11.4 2. India 9.1
3. Singapore 8.5 4. Hong Kong 7.1
5. Japan 6.5 6. USA 3.9
2.2.2 India

Main industries: Telecommunications, Textiles, Chemicals, Food processing, Steel, Transportation equipment, Cement, Mining, Petroleum, Machinery, Information technology

EXPORT
Goods Countries
1. Gems and Jewellery Australia, Belgium, USA, UK, UAE, Africa, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong
2. Petroleum Products USA, UK, Canada, Japan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Singapore, Hong Kong
3. Software Bangladesh, China, USA, UK, UAE, Canada, Australia, Germany, Singapore, Netherlands
4. Chemicals France, Italy, Japan, China, USA, UK, UAE, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
5. Machinery and Instruments Bangladesh, UK, USA, Germany, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Hong Kong

In 2008-2009 economic years the total amount of Export was $155 billion
Main Export Partners
Country % Country %
1. UAE 14.37 2. USA 11.47
3. China 5.11 4. Honk Kong 4.52
5. Singapore 4.33 6. Netherlands 3,68
IMPORT
Goods Countries
1. Crude Oil Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Brazil, Russia
2. Gold USA, Australia, Canada, Peru, Honk Kong, Japan,
3. Electronic Goods Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, China, USA, UK,
4. Machinery (except electronic goods) China, Germany, Russia, UK, USA, Japan, Korea, Singapore
5. Fertilizer USA, Mexico, Russia, Morocco, Ukraine, Canada, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh

In 2008-2009 economic years the total amount of Import was $232.3 billion

Main Import Partners
Country % Country %
1. China 12 2. USA 5.95
3. UAE 5.93 4. Saudi Arabia 5.51
5. Iran 4.52 6. Switzerland 4.39

2.2.3 Japan

Main industries: Motor vehicles, Industrial and Transportation equipment, Electronics, Chemicals, Steel, Machine tools, Processed foods, Nonferrous metals.

EXPORT
Goods Countries
1. Cars USA, Russia, Australia, UAE, Canada, Israel, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Malaysia, UK
2. Electronic devices and Computers China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, USA, UK, Netherlands, Germany
3. Iron and Steel Korea, China, Thailand, Taiwan, UAE, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, USA, Brazil, UK, Italy
4. Chemicals Indonesia, Korea, Saudi Arabia, China, Philippines, USA, Panama, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark France
5. Raw materials India, Indonesia, Korea, Thailand, China, Malaysia, USA, UK, Switzerland, Germany

In 2008-2009 economic year Japan’s total amount of export was $516.3 billion

Main Export Partners
Country % Country %
1. US 17.8 2. China 16
3. Korea 7.6 4. Hong Kong 5.1

IMPORT
Goods Countries
1. Mineral Fuels UAE, Indonesia, India, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Norway
2. Electric Machinery Indonesia, Kuwait, Thailand, China, Philippines, USA, UK
3. Food stuff Indonesia, Korea, Singapore, USA, Canada, Brazil, Denmark, Germany
4. Manufactured goods Indonesia, Korea, China, USA, Thailand, UK, Germany, Russia
5. Raw materials Australia, USA, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, China, India

In 2008-2009 economic year Japan’s total amount of import was $490.6 billion

Main Import Partners
Country % Country %
1. China 18.9 2. USA 10.4
3. Saudi Arabia 6.7 4. Australia 6.2
5. UAE 6.1 6. Indonesia 4.3

2.3 Economic Features
Some of the main economic aspects of the following countries are given below

2.3.1 Bangladesh

GDP (purchasing power parity): $242.2 billion
GDP (official exchange rate): $92.12 billion
GDP (real growth rate): 5.7%
GDP per capita (PPP): $1,600
Unemployment rate: 2.5%
Population below poverty line: 36%

Contribution of different sector to the GDP

Sector Agriculture Industry Services
Contribution 18.7% 28.7% 52.6%

2.3.2 Japan

GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.141 trillion
GDP (official exchange rate): $5.049 trillion
GDP (real growth rate): -5.7%
GDP per capita (PPP): $32,600
Unemployment rate: 5.6%
Population below poverty line: N/A

Contribution of different sector to the GDP

Sector Agriculture Industry Services
Contribution 1.5% 23.1% 75.4%

2.3.3 India

GDP (purchasing power parity): $3.561 trillion
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.095 trillion
GDP (real growth rate): 6.5%
GDP per capita (PPP): $3,100
Unemployment rate: 10.7%
Population below poverty line: 24%

Contribution of different sector to the GDP

Sector Agriculture Industry Services
Contribution 15.8% 25.8% 58.4%

Chapter Three:
Comparison

In this chapter we are going to compare some of the data we have collected for each country and compare them with each other.

Population
Country Population
Bangladesh 156,050,883
Japan 127,076,183
India 1,156,897,766

Population density per sq Km
Country Density
Bangladesh 1,099.3
Japan 337.2
India 358.7

Population in Urban and Rural area

Age Structure Comparison 0-14 15-64